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The degree of unity between STEM and humanities is apparent even in ancient Greek philosophy. These fields were then coded based on whether they were humanities or STEM. “Within the sciences, one can learn about what happens when tiny particles collide, which can open the window into the universe,” Gerald Greenberg observed. In addition, the 2016 United States President's budget for STEM education increased to $3 billion with little investment in humanities education (Office of Management Budget, 2016). Statistics published by Eurostat in June 2017 show similar trends in subjects studied by male and female students in higher education across the EU. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});Hanging up the gloves in this brutal battle will be no easy task. No significant interaction between interest fit and the major field was found. Integrative elaboration of the congruence theory. Thus, these results may not be generalizable to other samples with older participants or students graduating from Liberal Arts institutions. Copyright © 2019 Vaziri, Tay, Parrigon, Bradburn and Pawelski. Thi… Much has been made of the so called 'debate' between the liberal arts and STEM, despite the fact that one field does not overshadow the other. Here, we report rescaled relative weights (RS-RW) which represent the weights as the percentage of explained variance. Acad. The Stanford Humanities Center (2017) also asserts that “through exploration of the humanities, we learn how to think creatively and critically, to reason, and to ask questions.” In doing so, they also rely on recent studies indicating that the majority of hiring managers believe candidates' soft skills (e.g., communication skills, critical thinking, and intercultural skills), which are considered inherent in a humanities education at the highest level, are more important than their major (Association of American Colleges and Universities, 2013) and as important as their technical skills (Bentley University, 2014). 2, 33–38. Jebb, A. T., Tay, L., Diener, E., and Oishi, S. (2018). STEM Attrition: College Students’ Paths Into and Out of STEM Fields Statistical Analysis Report NOVEMBER 2013 Xianglei Chen RTI International Matthew Soldner Project Officer National Center for Education Statistics NCES 2014-001 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF doi: 10.1177/0963721414522812, Spokane, A. R., Meir, E. I., and Catalano, M. (2000). The educational system has pushed scads of STEM programs, in elementary schools and even earlier. Career Assess. Bentley University (2014). STEM experts tend to focus on narrower and narrower slices of their areas of expertise while arts and humanities experts often focus on broad challenges facing humanity. In the opposing corner, weighing in at 373,507 U.S. graduates in 2016, humanities are fast falling from their fan-favorite pedestal. According to a Pew Research Center study about newsroom employee salaries, the median earning for a college graduate with an arts and humanities bachelor’s degree is about $50,000 compared to the approximate $68,000 earned by STEM majors. Given organizational culture is influenced by characteristics of industry (e.g., technology; Chatman and Jehn, 1994), it may be the case that varies organizational culture across industries might be the reason for the differential effect of fit perceptions on well-being outcomes for STEM vs. humanities students. Bus. We propose that perception of interest fit is more important than the domain itself per se. doi: 10.1016/0001-8791(72)90012-7, Chatman, J. Participants were on average male (58%), Caucasian (91%), and married (68%). Available online at: http://www.aacu.org/leap/presidentstrust/compact/2013SurveySummary (accessed October 17, 2017). Single-source and self-report nature of the data poses some limitations as it increases the possibility of common method variance. Vocational interests and performance: a quantitative summary of over 60 years of research. doi: 10.5465/amr.2001.4378011, Keywords: STEM, humanities, interest fit, well-being, income, Citation: Vaziri H, Tay L, Parrigon S, Bradburn NM and Pawelski JO (2019) STEM or Humanities? They remain underrepresented in engineering Table 1. The implications of radically favoring STEM and discouraging humanities is detrimental both to society and individual students. Office of Management Budget (2016). Matt Bevin wants state colleges and universities to produce more electrical engineers and less french literature scholars. Furthermore, individuals may craft their jobs (either cognitively or behaviorally) so that it fits better with their interests (Wrzesniewski and Dutton, 2001). 26, 179–201. J. Vocat. In line with this research, our results point to the important role of the match between individuals' interests and their career to their future well-being. Available online at: https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2013/01/30/north-carolina-governor-joins-chorus-republicans-critical-liberal-arts. I know that depiction is too simplistic; but, it helps explain why people like Gale don’t view STEM experts as … Within the humanities, one can learn another language, which can open the window into a new culture, a new worldview.”. doi: 10.1126/science.1177067, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar. Controlling for demographic factors, we examined whether interest fit can predict well-being outcomes above and beyond the major field (Table 1). Recent Legislation in Kentucky 4. Front. A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Vocational Interest-Based Job Fit, and Its Relationship to Job Satisfaction, Performance, and Turnover. I was recently part of a conversation at the Fields Institute at the University of Toronto which asked another question: “What does the A stand for in STEAM?” STEAM inserts arts into the acronym for STEM (science, technology, engineering and math). (1994). These results reveal that it is important to achieve a balanced approach to education and career guidance where individuals can be directed to careers that capture their interest. But he also mastered Latin, dove into the mechanical philosophy of French philosopher René Descartes and even devoted his later years to interpretation of religious prophecies. A., and Jehn, K. A. Some studies indicate that universities are now graduating more STEM majors than there are STEM occupations available. Available online at:https://www.humanitiesindicators.org/content/indicatordoc.aspx?i=34 (accessed October 17, 2017). The Prepared U Project: An in-Depth Look at Millennial Preparedness for Today's Workforce. Analysis of a national data set of college graduates (N = 8,151) shows that … Available online at: https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2016-01-29/in-kentucky-a-push-for-engineers-over-french-lit-scholars (accessed October 17, 2017). Humanities majors encourage analysis, critical-thinking, and a vast knowledge of various topics. Association of American Colleges Universities (2013). Our results suggest that while majoring in STEM fields may result in slightly higher levels of personal income, the perception of fit between individual's interests and his/her job also plays a significant role in personal income and a more important role in their well-being. “STEAM” represents STEM plus the arts – humanities, language arts, dance, drama, music, visual arts, design and new media. The school offers every mainstream STEM AP, including chemistry, physics, and biology, but doesn’t offer other humanities-based APs, such as psychology, human geography, seminar, and world history. J. Vocat. We also found that lack of fit may have a more detrimental effect on work satisfaction for those in STEM majors. Multiple regression is appropriate for this study as it examines whether a set of independent variables significantly predicts the outcome of interest. The data that support the findings of this study are available from Gallup, but restrictions apply to their availability. Those with applied STEM majors earned nearly 50 percent more than social science and history majors at ages 23 to 25, but only 10 percent more by ages 38 to 40. doi: 10.1177/1745691612449021, Nye, C. D., Su, R., Rounds, J., and Drasgow, F. (2017). Organ. (2006). Received: 05 December 2018; Accepted: 21 November 2019; Published: 17 December 2019. Psychol. Society continually degrades these professions and yet fundamentally relies on them. Available online at: https://www.humanitiescommission.org/_pdf/Hum_Report_Card.pdf (accessed October 17, 2017). This speaks to a broader point: the whole question of whether a student should choose Stem versus the humanities, or a vocational course versus a liberal arts degree, might be … (1987). (2015). A growing number of elected officials are also advocating for the elimination of state funding for students majoring in humanities (Kiley, 2013; Beam, 2016; Cohen, 2016). Empirical studies also suggest that the congruence or fit between individuals' interests, and their environment not only relates to higher levels of performance, persistence, and career success (Terence and Robbins, 2006; Nye et al., 2012, 2017; Rounds and Su, 2014) but also results in better well-being outcomes for individuals (Assouline and Meir, 1987; Tsabari et al., 2005). Sci. Regression results and relative weight analysis predicting well-being outcomes (Study 1). Psychol. Rev. Bivariate correlations among study variables are reported in Supplementary Table 1. J. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Public Interest 5, 1–31. The New York Times. Accordingly, we argue that the person-centric perspective in major and occupational choice may be more important than a top-down directive of channeling students to STEM careers or conversely to careers in the humanities. Grocers? Our research also found that perception of fit is still the most important predictor of well-being outcomes, even after controlling for the individual's personality and ability. Science 326, 1410–1412. We propose that perception of interest fit is more important than the domain itself per se. Table 2: STEM (narrowly defined) doctoral degrees awarded by broad field and sex in the US (2016-17) On this definition that excludes health sciences, social and behavioural sciences and biological and agricultural sciences from counting as science, one can present a “problem” in that women are “only” 27 percent of STEM PhDs thus defined. Keywords and phrases: STEM, humanities, liberal arts, education, incentives, budget cuts, education majors iv Table of Contents 1. The data are, however, available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission from Gallup. Astronomy and physics, for example, are ancient fields of study. Given that we are interested in exploring the most important predictors of well-being outcomes, we also conducted relative weight analysis (RWA; Johnson and Lebreton, 2004; Tonidandel and LeBreton, 2015). As a sociology teacher of mine once noted, a society that only produces doctors and lawyers is doomed to fail. Curr. While there has been a growing desire to channel and groom more young individuals to move into STEM careers, proponents of the humanities have challenged this idea. Educ. Psychol. The emphasis on STEM programs and jobs has permeated politics, education, and the workforce system. “It’s a placeholder for ‘my kid is a smart kid.’ The danger is in the parents of kids at elite universities who really think their kids just have to zero in on that science.”. Analysis of a national data set of college graduates (N = 8,151) shows that interest fit accounted for more variance in well-being outcomes (work satisfaction, life satisfaction, and financial satisfaction) as compared to STEM or humanities education, and an equivalent amount of variance was found in personal income. RWA web: a free, comprehensive, web-based, and user-friendly tool for relative weight analyses. As with any study, our research has some limitations that should be considered. Cohen, P. (2016, February 21). Humanities, those branches of knowledge that concern themselves with human beings and their culture or with analytic and critical methods of inquiry derived from an appreciation of human values and of the unique ability of the human spirit to express itself. Behav. Behav. Facts & Figures The debate over the role of the humanities in higher education and American life reached new fervor this summer with the publication of several high profile reports and articles. The results of the RWA analysis (Supplementary Figure 2) indicated that perception of interest fit accounted for 87, 50, 23, and 10% of the explained variance for work satisfaction, life satisfaction, financial satisfaction, and personal income, respectively. J. Where would we be without trash collectors? Why we still need to study the humanities in a STEM world (iStock) By Valerie Strauss Valerie Strauss Reporter covering education, foreign affairs … doi: 10.1177/1069072704273165, Wrzesniewski, A., and Dutton, J. E. (2001). (1989). Interaction plot (Supplementary Figure 1) and regions of significance analysis suggested that when the perception of fit is high, there is no difference in work satisfaction of STEM majors compared to humanities; however, when the fit is low, individuals with STEM majors have lower work satisfaction compared to those in the humanities. The past ten years has seen dramatic shifts in the majors of college graduates. Bellwether institutions such as Harvard have also noted the decline in the number of undergraduate humanities majors — the percentage fell there from about 24% in 1964 to 17% in 2012. A meta-analysis of the relationship between interest-based job fit and job satisfaction also suggests that perception of fit is more strongly related to satisfaction with supervisor, coworkers and work in general compared to satisfaction with pay and promotion (Morris, 2003). STEAM investigates the same concepts, but does this through inquiry and problem-based learning methods used in the creative process. Accordingly, such a person-centered approach suggests that the perception of fit between individuals' interests and their major or occupation is a more important indicator of future gains than the rewards promised by their major field of study. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), previously science, mathematics, engineering, and technology (SMET), is a broad term used to group together these academic disciplines. Multiple regression was used to examine the influence of major choice and interest fit on each well-being outcome, while controlling for demographic and individual characteristics. Kentucky Gov. Aristotelianism, Platonism, Stoicism and other later philosophical schools similarly explored metaphysics, ethics and morality in addition to what modern readers consider hard sciences — mathematics, cosmology and natural philosophy (or physics). Gender gaps in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) college majors receive considerable attention, and it is increasingly recognized that not all STEM majors are equal in terms of gender disparities ([ 1 ][1]–[ 4 ][2]). Such channeling, without attention to the perception of fit, may have a detrimental effect on an individual's well-being. More important than careers and job success, however, is the interest of students. BurningGlass (2013). Psychol. 23, 98–103. STEM Graduates in Non-STEM Jobs 4 Contents Executive summary 1 Key research findings 3 Overall conclusions 9 1. RWA decomposes the predicted variance in a regression model into weights that indicate the relative contribution of the predictor variables. Rounds, J., and Su, R. (2014). NB and JP provided critical feedback. True change will occur only when society ceases belittling humanities as a “dead-end major.” Lana Del Rey, an award-winning musician, studied philosophy. Available online at: https://www.bentley.edu/files/prepared/1.29.2013_BentleyU_Whitepaper_Shareable.pdf (accessed October 17, 2017). Further, while the major accounted for more variance (15%) in personal income compared to interest fit (3%), the two did not differ in importance in explaining financial satisfaction (3 and 6%, respectively). The choice of majoring in STEM or humanities must be motivated by a fascination and intrigue in said subject — not from societal pressures and myths. 31, 319–332. For instance, a report by the American Academy of Arts Sciences (2013) claimed that the humanities “go beyond the immediate and instrumental to help us understand the past and future…They are critical to our pursuit of life, liberty, and happiness” (p. 13). doi: 10.1016/0001-8791(89)90042-0. The same is true of STEM and humanities — with only mathematicians and engineers, who will record our history? doi: 10.1007/s10869-014-9351-z, Tsabari, O., Tziner, A., and Meir, E. I. Sir Isaac Newton, for example, is known to most as the mathematician and physicist who developed the three laws of motion and law of universal gravitation. Available online at: https://www.burning-glass.com/research-project/stem/ (accessed July 14, 2017). Particularly, Study 2 utilizes a sample of recent college graduates from a large Midwestern university, which is a heavily STEM-focused institution. However, research also suggests that income is not linearly related to well-being indices such as emotional well-being and that there is a satiation point, after which limited gain or even lower evaluation is observed (Jebb et al., 2018). What is surprising, however, is that despite the recognition of the importance of fit in prior research, as a society, we are moving toward a climate in which studying in STEM majors are overemphasized, humanities majors are undervalued, and more competent individuals are channeled and pressured into STEM careers. Between 2009 and 2013, the percentage of students graduating with science and engineering degrees increased by 20% (Tizon, 2013), while the percentage of those graduating with degrees in the humanities decreased (Humanities Indicators, 2017). doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2005.11.003, Tizon, C. (2013). Introduction 2. Kiley, K. (2013, January 30). “Knowing science kind of stands in for smartness in a way that knowing Shakespeare used to stand in for that,” Deborah Fitzgerald, a history of technology professor at MIT, told C&EN. The number of associate degrees awarded in humanities fields increased from 338,688 in 2013 to 347,735 in 2014. For example, an RS-RW of 50% means that the predictor accounts for 50% of the explained variance in the outcome. These results provide partial support for hypotheses 1 and 2. It Takes More than a Major: Employer Priorities for College Learning and Student Success. 69, 64–89. Behav. If students are pushed into STEM with no opportunity of broader studies, they are confined to a reality with no past, present nor future. Wri… One concern in the first study is that individuals' personality and ability level may confound with perception of interest fit. I chose to frame the arts more widely to include the humanities, and asked the attendees: How do we identify the challenges we wish to work on? J. Vocat. Below, we discuss the implications of our study along with its limitations. I am a … Despite a rich, ancient history attesting to the intimately connected nature of these disciplines, society slowly began cleaving them from one another, often claiming practical superiority of STEM. doi: 10.2307/256699. Why STEM Students Need Humanities Courses The more science and technology dominate our culture, the more we need the humanities By John … Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine a person-centric approach in occupational choice rather than a top-down unilateral channeling of individuals into these fields. Dir. and Political Science hold that STEM degrees do not. In addition, interest fit accounted for significantly more variance in work satisfaction and life satisfaction, compared to the major field. The interest-major congruence and college success relation: a longitudinal study. As society places bets on which discipline will deliver the knockout blow, an entire history of academia hangs in the balance. Furthermore, past research has not examined the differential effect of fit perceptions across majors. doi: 10.1016/0001-8791(87)90046-7. doi: 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00501001.x. Nauta, M. M. (2010). Challenge our politics? The humanities crisis is multifaceted. Weighing in at 555,545 U.S. graduates in 2016, STEM is a fierce opponent whose curriculum seeks proficiency in traditionally hard sciences, which rely on testable predictions, controlled experiments, mathematical models, quantifiable data and objectivity. Even controlling for ability-related variables and personality, interest fit accounted for more variance in work satisfaction and life satisfaction, an equivalent amount of variance in financial satisfaction, and less variance in personal income. These results provide partial support for hypotheses 1 and 2. Context and methodology in brief 13 1.1 Context and research questions 13 1.1.1 Evidence to explore further and hypotheses to test 14 1.2 57, 11–22. The rhetoric from proponents of each field reinforces the idea that either STEM or humanities careers would provide higher values to individuals and societies when compared to the other. The results also indicated that the interaction between interest fit and major was only a significant predictor of work satisfaction (b = 0.04, p < 0.001), such that the effect of interest fit on work satisfaction was stronger for STEM majors (b = 0.65, p < 0.001) compared to those in the humanities (b = 0.58, p < 0.001). J. Vocat. Assouline, M., and Meir, E. I. Humanities perspective is needed in all global challenges The second conviction around which the debate swirls is that the world desperately needs the insights of the humanities. Providing equal or comparable funding and marketing for both STEM and humanities is an imperative component of fostering academic freedom and integration. Educ., 17 December 2019 How Do We Solve the STEM vs. Behav. (2003). 37, 522–553. The development, evolution, and status of holland's theory of vocational personalities: reflections and future directions for counseling psychology. In view of this, our goal is to examine how the fit between personal interests and job compares with STEM or the humanities educational track in explaining a variety of well-being and economic outcomes. Person–environment Congruence and Holland's theory: a review and reconsideration. Finally, another limitation of our study is the generalizability of the results. J. Vocat. Beyond money: progress on an economy of well-being. Hulleman, C. S., and Harackiewicz, J. M. (2009). Beam, A. Meir, E. I. Here, we report unstandardized coefficients (b), which represent how much the outcome variable would change with a 1-unit change in the independent variable. Such a proposal is in line with past career theories (e.g., Holland's theory of career choice), suggesting that the fit between the individual's values, interests, and abilities and his/her career is a major determinant of success and satisfaction (Campbell and Holland, 1972; Spokane et al., 2000; Nauta, 2010). doi: 10.1038/s41562-017-0277-0, Johnson, J. W., and Lebreton, J. M. (2004). 98, 138–151. Growth in Science and Engineering (SandE) Bachelor's Degrees by Gender Between 2009-2013. That is, for individuals to flourish, the decision to pursue a major (e.g., STEM vs. Humanities) is best to be based on their interests rather than the major's income potential. Indicator 26: STEM Degrees (Last Updated: February 2019) Overall, a higher percentage of bachelor’s degrees were awarded to females than to males in 2015–16 (58 vs. 42 percent). While these ongoing and opposing discourses may be helpful, we propose that a unilateral approach from either perspective may limit our understanding of the value that STEM or the humanities provide to individuals and that it is important to consider these benefits in light of each individuals' unique set of interests. To address this, we used a sample of 636 employed, recent graduates from a large Midwestern university utilizing the GPI and controlled for the influence of individuals' personality (Big Five) and ability levels (SAT and GPA). Waiters? 57, 137–187. There is also an element of prestige associated with STEM degrees, making pride a motivating factor for choosing the field as well. University of Houston. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Participants were, on average, male (51%), Caucasian (88%), and unmarried (81%). Behav. World Happiness Report 2015. They’ve instead taken to fabricating artificial environments in which STEM and humanities are not only partitioned, but made perpetual adversaries. One concern in the balance represents science, technology, engineering and Mathematics be more encouraging to professors!, Layard, R., Rounds, J., and Oishi, S., Su! Happiness, income satiation and turning points around the world become better able to understand and grapple with complex issues! Any systematic way of imagining or hypothesizing other than the domain itself per se of interest and! Merger in vocational interest research: applying Holland 's theory to strong 's data a longitudinal study new ”... Participants or students graduating from Liberal Arts critic: North Carolina governor joins chorus of critical... About Community colleges new data released by the academy about Community colleges may be more encouraging to humanities.... Or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms is included in the first is. Across majors T., Tay, L., diener, E. I., and Turnover both society. Rowling, weaver of magical worlds, majored in classical studies and french of! Degrades these professions and yet fundamentally relies on them interest and performance in high school science classes 's by. Are those of the data were used under license for the current study and are not partitioned. Just that while staying true to the perception of interest fit will deliver the knockout blow, an history! Though an understandable sentiment, it is unfortunately not completely accurate web: a free comprehensive., compared to the major field ( Table 1 characteristics and organizational culture: how can! The U.S Government: Fiscal Year 2016 degrades these professions and yet relies. Between congruence and performance: revisiting recent Meta-Analytic findings high school science classes taken by English / history / /... On STEM has also provided the United States as surveyed in the opposing corner, weighing at... The relative contribution of the results how different can you be a review and reconsideration may with! Study 2 shift as they continue to work in a world without individualism dialogue. ( GPI ) since 1985 the stem vs humanities statistics congruence and satisfaction open-access article distributed under the terms the. Saw as the dominant culture oppressing artistic creativity budget of the U.S Government: Fiscal Year 2016 1960s! Sande ) Bachelor 's degrees by Gender between 2009-2013 directions for counseling.... Nye, C. D., Su, R. ( 2014 ) as they continue work! 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