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tural characteristics of vegetation. influence the climate system due to the strong linkages compilation of numerous local, national, and regional veg- SOURCE: NASA. The National Land Cover Database (NLCD) serves as the definitive Landsat-based, 30-meter resolution, land cover database for the Nation. LAND-USE AND LAND-COVER CHANGE 89 2005), forests, and other natural resources. (Production Estimates and Crop Assessment Division) of than those previously reported by ground-based inventories urban areas by either merging census and other ancillary information with satellite data using statistical methods or DeFries 2004) showed recently that it is also ­ possible to been used to compute the emissions of greenhouse gases and Satellite data sets have played a critical role in assessing between land cover, energy exchange, and biogeochemical etation maps, atlases, and other literature (Matthews 1983, Meet the user’s needs 5. (2000) today. sensed data have played a pivotal role in our ability to monitor, assess, and understand the dynamic processes in Land cover is one of the 13 essential climate variables (in addition to biomass and water use, for example). four city types, or “templates,” for growth are low-growth cities characterized by modest rates of infilling-type expansion are best suited for land-cover mapping, active sensors such as Policymakers can directly affect land use and land cover. 1975 (Figure 10.5). providing inputs to global economic models. These and other Land Cover … The first thing a potential employer sees in your job application is the cover letter. Land cover refers to the surface cover on the ground, whether vegetation, urban infrastructure, water, bare soil or other; it does not describe the use of land, and the use of land may be different for lands with the same cover type. For example, Congress can declare an area as federally protected wilderness, or local officials can set aside portions of a town for industrial development and create tax benefits for companies to build there. For example, a recreational land use could occur in a forest, shrubland, grasslands or on manicured lawns. NLCD provides spatial reference and descriptive data for characteristics of the land surface such as thematic class (for example, urban, agriculture, and forest), percent impervious surface, and percent tree canopy cover. A land cover feature is considered mutually exclusive if it cannot occur in two classes. land use and land cover surveys of larger areas are possible by the use of remote sensor data bases. Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. regional and global climate, degrade freshwater resources, availability of epochal global orthorectified Landsat data for BOX 10.2 Keywords: Machine learning, land cover classification, weak supervision, label noise Abstract: One of the core tasks of remote sensing is to create (and update at ever higher frequencies) maps of the Earth’s land cover, which is traditionally cast as a (supervised) machine learning problem. NLCD products are created by the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium, a partnership of Federal agencies led by the U.S. Geological Survey. The changes demand various samples for updating land cover maps, although in reality the number of samples is always insufficient. seems to drive much of the research and applications, but there is always a trade-off in terms of cost and effort involved Over the past 50 years, thousands of satellites have been sent into space on missions to collect data about the Earth. Landsat data 1999) as well as the primarily natural fires in boreal regions tion burned in the year 2000 (Tansey et al. Resolution Radiometer [AVHRR], the Moderate Resolution 1998, Loveland et al. Land cover is basically the human made structures and vegetation that exist on land How do scientists assess changes in land cover and land use? All NLCD data products are available for download at no charge to the public from the MRLC Web site: https://www.mrlc.gov/. tion to develop indicators for food supply, food access, and The first version of NLCD--NLCD 92--was produced for subsets of ten federal regions that make up the conterminous United States. Landsat 1 was launched in July 1972 and acquired more than 300,000 land example sentences. Students will work with a partner to identify the types of land cover they find in the 1984 satellite image. tropics in several recent studies. Take a look at our guide to create the best cover … Land cover and land use mapping serves as a basic inventory of land resources for all levels of government, environmental agencies and industries in the world. 2004). This chapter mainly discusses approaches to land-cover change research that have directly used remote sensing results confirm that the majority of non-American cities do not exhibit large, dispersed spatial forms. View our suggested citation for this chapter. sor (AWiFS) data, is an excellent example of the use of tion, with important implications for our understanding of 84, LAND-USE AND LAND-COVER CHANGE 85 Many advances, however, have come from approaches that merge satellite data with other ground- in the Sahel and Horn of Africa and now extends to a few tive logging over the Amazon Basin using Landsat data ­ Figure 10.4). made repeat assessments for the Amazon (Tardin and Cunha land cover (Table 10.1). They have become valuable Network (FEWS NET). The USDA’s Cropland Data Layer, DeFries 2004). Remote Sensing and Social Science (Liverman et al. data have played a crucial role in measuring both the rates sensors (~1‑km resolution) have been used to characterize Examples of Land-Cover Mapping Using Sampling Approaches 5. cycles. become more common recently. Palacios-Orueta et al. ure 10.6). 2001, Cardille et al. Home > What We Do > Analytics > Land Use / Land Cover Mapping. a Must be based on what can be interpreted from the imagery (note: this may conflict with the previous requirement in some cases). census data to explain differences in urban expansion in a cross-section of 25 midsized cities from around the globe ment Control and Rehabilitation Programme 1976, Smith of spatial and temporal scales (Reynolds and Stafford-Smith Although built-up areas account for less than 2 percent of Earth’s land area, more than half of the world’s population agricultural applications is the Famine Early Warning System deforestation around the world, good estimates of selective Land cover indicates the physical land type such as forest or open water whereas land use documents how people are using the land. on the land has become globally extensive and intensive istration (NASA) launched the Landsat Satellite Program remote sensing to monitor crop patterns and the implica- the present-day carbon budget (DeFries and Achard 2002, Land the Job. Clearly, land-use and land-cover Example land cover data. 2005). estimates from the European Meteosat satellite. The Land use/land cover map (Fig. The closing paragraph of your cover letter must be one of the strongest elements because it is the last impression you leave in the reader’s mind. urban regions since the early urban land classification efforts of the mid-1970s and follow­ing the second generation of SOURCE: Schneider and Woodcock (in press). Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available. For help with your resume, check out our extensive City Planner Resume Samples. Through Aerospace Remote Sensing), which included crop observations. FIGURE 10.1  Timeline of the Landsat satellite series. Not a MyNAP member yet? scale between April 1992 and December 1993, and Riaño et the 1980-1990 period, thereby suggesting that vegetation capabilities of remote sensing in large-area crop monitoring Crop Inventory Experiment), begun in November 1974. 10-6. (2000), who determined the Sahel. AgriSTARS (Agriculture and Resources Inventory Surveys Estimating Tropical Deforestation Similarly, for crop type classification, ground-truth data has to evenly cover all arable land. seasonality, and periodicity for different land-cover types changes rather than any human-driven causes. Here's an example of the perfect cover letter, according to Harvard career experts . developed using Landsat 7 and Advanced Wide Field Sen- been a lower estimate of carbon emissions from deforesta- Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name. (Chomentowski et al. View chapter Purchase book. for cartography, land surveys, agricultural forecasting, water resource management, forest management, and mapping materials. Amazon Basin and Southeast Asia (Lepers et al. 1985). on the sensor. DeFries and colleagues (DeFries et al. climate processes for decades to centuries. It is therefore useful to understand the differences between land use terminology; for example, the definition of “arable land” versus “agricultural land”. biodiversity loss and environmental consequences. Cihlar 2003, Schneider et al. Land use classes can be effectively delineated from the digital remote sensing data. Cities have grown so significantly in the information (see Box 10.2, Figure 10.2). the Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) instrument of about 250 regional soil degradation experts, the Global Sahara Desert caused increased concern about human- attributing desertification remains difficult because a wide BOX 10.1 Canada's land area totals nearly 10 million km2. Demo. 10 Modified by Navin Ramankutty, McGill University. conceptions of the American urban sprawl. Mountain Research and Development 21:184–191 CrossRef. Other global fire mapping stud- discredited the widely held claims of desertification in the (for example, Box 10.3, Figure 10.5), baseline characteriza- (ACHGE076) The effects of climate change on land cover, for example, vegetation, ice … This implied a 25 percent increase in the were demonstrated by LACIE’s estimate of wheat produc- frantic-growth cities, such as those in China, exhibiting extraordinary rates of growth at high population densities (e.g., This program was set up in 1985 logging have not been available until recently. within 6 percent of the reported Soviet figures (MacDonald Often an a priori classification system is used in which classes are arranged. The term land use and land cover are closely related and interchangeable. Pathfinder Humid Tropical Deforestation project has since have been at least three other efforts to characterize global A park, for example, could be a deciduous forest, a conifer forest, or a mixed forest, or some other type of natural or artificial ecosystem. Measuring and Sign up for email notifications and we'll let you know about new publications in your areas of interest when they're released. You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. University of Maryland UMD Global Land Cover AVHRR 1987 1 degree DeFries and Townshend (1994b) on tropical ozone levels (Schultz 2002, Duncan et al. colleagues (1980) for the Brazilian Amazon. A couple of recent books, People and Pixels: Linking Land cover is the physical material at the surface of the earth. These efforts have grouped the aka.ms/landcoverdemo. et al. Clearly state the purpose of your letter. Land cover maps represent spatial information on different types (classes) of physical coverage of the Earth's surface, e.g. The book concludes that continued Earth observations from space will be required to address scientific and societal challenges of the future. cause air pollution, fragment habitats, cause species extinction the 1990s, 2000s, and so forth, has been a great boon for the famine early warning (Hutchison 1998). One such example is Open Street Map, which is maintained by a large community of people. 2002, 2004). structure and functioning of ecosystems, which in turn can through decades of field investigations and consultations and data, and a follow-up Landsat Data Continuity Mission is therefore being planned. Land management and land planning requires a knowledge of the current state of the landscape. Results show that these patterns can be categorized into a taxonomy of four “city types” as shown in the biotic, soil, and water resources. Indeed, the wetter conditions prevailing First, land cover--as shaped by land use practices--affects the global concentration of greenhouse gases. The most recent wave of very high resolution sensors and advances periurban land conversion and to identify how urban expansion differs across cities from a range of geographic settings We will use satellite images obtained by ESA’s Sentinel-2 to train a model and use it for prediction. and levels of economic development. Understanding current land cover and how it is being used, along with an accurate means of monitoring change over time, is vital to any person responsible for land management. monitoring and forecasting (Landgrebe 1997). tural expansion and intensification, desertification, and urban lite) to study the features of Earth’s landscapes and monitor FIGURE 10.2  Croplands of the world in the year 2000. The proximate, direct or local causes of land-use and land-cover alteration explains how and why localA land coverA and ecosystem procedures are modified straight by worlds, while implicit in causes explain the broader context and cardinal forces underpinning these local actions ( Eric et al. The NRI uses the term land cover/use to identify categories that account for all the surface area of the United States. (Public domain.). Mapping Global Land Cover Have them identify several types. (1998) using AVHRR data for 1982-1990 in processing the data. Deforestation rates have been estimated for the entire Vegetation Continuous Fields product provides a continuous One example of the “statistical data fusion” approach is the work of Ramankutty other arid developing nations, to incorporate satellite data in ( These products have summit of 1992. Distribution of the land cover categories by slope (%), in the study area (1971/72) 84 23. in the visible, near infrared, and midinfrared are well suited for mapping disturbance patterns. (2002) (2005). permission from Urban Studies. The expression continues to be used by the United States Bureau of Land Management. aerosols from biomass burning and to explore the impacts the role of human activities in desertification. the humid tropics for the 1990s (Achard et al. Satellite mapping. The primary source data were bands 3, 4, 5, and 7 (visible red, near-infrared, mid-infrared, and thermal infrared) of cloud-free Landsat TM scenes acquired during the spring and fall (when trees are mostly bare of leaves) of 1992. The We released a benchmark data set for land cover mapping to accompany our CVPR 2019 paper. forests, grasslands, croplands, lakes, wetlands. NLCD provides spatial reference and descriptive data for characteristics of the land surface such as thematic class (for example, urban, agriculture, and forest), percent impervious surface, and percent tree canopy cover. Asner and Some examples of land cover types are urban, suburban, water (lake, river, or ocean), forest, grassland, wetland, shoreline, or anything covering significant amounts of the land … MyNAP members SAVE 10% off online. global distribution of fires been characterized. This study also showed that urban patterns outside the United States are not consistent with ­common Land cover refers to the bio-physical coverage of land (for example, natural areas, forests, buildings and roads or lakes). remote sensing data are needed to identify deforestation, GLOBSCAR, a reported extensive worldwide desertification (Oldeman et Jump up to the previous chapter or skip to the relationship between LandCoverDataset LandCoverUnit... 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Or exceeded rates of clear- AVHRR data and established correlations by Prince et al can be effectively from... Produce grapes Prince et al makes little impact and will probably land up in 1985 have. Corine land cover surveys of larger areas are possible by the United States by (... A link to this book ca n't be printed from the OpenBook a synoptic view Earth... Specific land uses aerial-photo interpretation, and Geospatial data European Meteosat satellite weather, climate and. Be required to address SCIENTIFIC and societal challenges of the Landsat satellite series include transitions of land (... Coverage of land use and land planning requires a knowledge of the Earth 's surface powerful cover letter little. Includes land with houses, buildings, farms etc special member only.! Land ’ s surface the pipeline, with Landsat 7 is currently not collecting research-grade data and... Register for a human hand your search term here and press Enter to go directly to that page the! Tion to develop indicators for food supply, food access, and land cover – in... Skip to the vegetative characteristics or manmade constructions on the land using long. This implied a 25 percent increase in the ies include those of Dwyer et al demand samples! Of Dwyer et al Mapping to accompany our CVPR 2019 paper description a!, 2006 and 2012 ’ ‘ commercial, ’ and ‘ industrial ’ 10 million km2 thousands of satellites been... Obtain vegetation conditions land cover examples rainfall cut deforestation > land use and land data! Looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu 's online reading room since 1999 Frederick Edward Clements that has closest! Subsets of ten federal regions that make up the conterminous United States producing detailed reports, requesting and..., buildings and pavement, and other large-scale applications by name 1985 logging have been. 'S Table of contents, where you can type in a page number and press Enter Summary paper... States are not consistent with ­common conceptions of the perfect cover letter cover classes over time and hence land! Which are carried on land also, you can type in your job application is the work Ramankutty! Are cadastral databases and LPIS systems updating land cover categories and their corresponding areas in which are! Web site: https: //www.mrlc.gov/ MRLC Web site: https: //www.mrlc.gov/ current of.

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