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Grubs hibernate during this stage and are impossible to control at this time due to their depth. The next autumn the larvae again migrate deep into the soil to overwinter, returning near the soil surface the following spring to feed on plant roots until they are fully grown in late spring. Females can lay up to 75 eggs in their short adult life. C. Brown Company. The larval stage persists for two to three years. The pupa is usually white, faint yellow, or dark brown in color. As they grow, they feed on the roots of the grass, causing large patches, browning and otherwise ruining the appearance of the lawn grass. Insecticide control of a white grub. Immature Insects (Volume 2). White grub, Phyllophaga spp., infected with Cordyceps fungus. 1951. In late March and April, grubs move back up to the surface of the soil. After hatching, the first instar is 5mm long. Adult Beetle. During the first stage of growth the grubs feed on the roots of the grass in the lawn. These products are available commercially. In the late summer and fall of their third year (or second year in the case of Phyllophaga tristis), larvae begin pupating in the soil. The worm-like larvae form the pupa or cocoon as it often called, then lay dormant. Take a look at the life cycle and characteristics of this mini-beast, and also read some interesting facts about it. June Bug Grubs. Larvae are white with a C-shaped body, brown head, and three pairs of legs. Figure 5. Davidson RH, Lyon WF. The grubs have excessively high appetites and feed constantly. 378-385. Now after 4-8 weeks of chomping away under ground, the larvae will pupate. 126-128. Rolston LH, Barlow T. 1980. They are small, spherical, pearly white eggs that darken just before hatching. Typical June beetle, adult of white grub, of the genus Phyllophaga. All Rights Reserved. A pyrgotid fly, a natural enemy of white grubs, Phyllophaga spp. At the second instar larvae burrow into the soil. Some, such as the green June beetle, are more brightly colored. Figure 7. 241. The larvae will molt twice before winter. Meanwhile, the grubs or larvae that started life early in spring begin to emerge as lawn foraging beetles. Adults emerge from pupae in about 3 weeks. The female will lay from 60-75 eggs underground. Grub is a term used most often to refer to the larval stage of one of three beetle species: the European chafer, June beetle and Japanese beetle. If you want to attract wildlife to your yard, … Late spring or early autumn plowing destroys many larvae, pupae, and adults in the soil and also exposes the insects to predators, such as birds and skunks. Since the adults are attracted to trees to feed, they tend to lay most eggs in the higher portions of sod near wooded areas. Phyllophaga larvae and other larvae of the family Scarabaeidae are often referred to as white grubs, including larvae of the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman), annual white grubs (Cyclocephala spp. Lawn grubs are a common pest of the home lawn. Oregon State Monograph Studies in Entomology 4: 1-219. These stages are marked by the grub molting, or shedding its outer skin after growing a new one underneath. Tashiro H. 1973. (no longer available online). Periodical Cicada Life Cycle: 5 Key Stages Immature periodical cicadas or nymphs develop underground, sucking root plant juices. This is how the grub gets bigger, and it typically happens over the course of two years, depending on the life cycle length of the species. Beneficial nematodes seek out and kill all stages of harmful soil-dwelling insects. The larval stage is the most destructive stage of the insects. After feeding for several weeks, they lay their eggs in the ground. Typical white grub of the genus Phyllophaga. The most commonly encountered white grubs are the larvae of June bugs, European Chafers, Masked Chafers, Billbugs, Oriental Beetles and Japanese Beetles. During the spring, damage is more apparent than root damage during the fall. As an adult, I feed at night and eat vegetation, usually the leaves from trees and bushes. Larvae feed on plant roots, carrion, or dung, depending on the type of scarab. Grubs feed close to the surface of the lawn and are most vulnerable to chemical control with pesticides at this time. This product’s active ingredient is chlorantraniliprole. Some species of larvae need more than one year to develop, so they hibernate in the soil again once the weather drops in the autumn. Pest problems? Insect Pests of Farm, Garden, and Orchard. This is the stage that lets them molt from grubs to adult beetles. June bug larva stage The grubs will grow to about 40 mm (1.6 in) and are white with a brownish-black head and brown spiracles along the sides of the body. Stehr FW. Grubs are the larval stage of the European chafer, June beetle (June bug) and/or Japanese beetle. Larvae which pupate early enough will emerge in late in the summer. Larval June bugs feed in warm summers and under the soil during winter. The River Bug on the Black Sea at midsummer brings down some thin membranes that look like berries out of which burst a four-legged caterpillar in the manner of the creature mentioned above, but it does not live beyond one day, owing to which it is called the hemerobius. During the larval portion of their life cycle, June bugs go through three separate instars, or stages. After developing into the third and final instar stage, fully mature larvae are typically 25 mm in length and ready to pupate. The larvae feed on the ground and pupate in the grub cell where they stay over the winter. At the end of summer during its final instar, the grub digs deep into the soil so it is protected from cold weather. Pupa. They grow exponentially and molt twice before moving on to the next stage of their life cycle. Lawn grubs are a common pest of the home lawn. The larva is a specialized feeding stage that looks very different from the adult. The outer skin of the grub is thicker than in the fall, making chemical control at this time nearly impossible. (1998). pp. The heavy-bodied June beetles vary from 12 to 25 mm (0.5 to 1 inch) and have shiny wing covers (elytra). During the first stage of growth the grubs feed on the roots of the grass in the lawn. Photograph by James Castner, University of Florida. Some species of larvae need more than one year to develop, so they hibernate in the soil again once the weather drops in the autumn. Photograph by James Castner, University of Florida. The adults mate in the evening and, at dawn, females return to the ground to deposit 15 to 20 eggs, 1 to 8 inches deep in the soil. Learn which plants thrive in your Hardiness Zone with our new interactive map! As they grow and feed in July, the females begin laying a series of 60 eggs under the soil. Grubs feed close to the surface of the lawn and are most vulnerable to chemical control with pesticides at this time. Firefly larvae produce light and are sometimes called glowworms. The greatest amount of damage occurs as the larvae move near the soil surface to feed on the roots of the plants. Over the course of the next two years, larvae pass through three stages (called instars) becoming larger and more destructive with each stage. It then enters into the ‘pupal stage’ which can take up to 9 months and usually happens over the winter period. Jaques HE. The egg, larva, and pupa life cycle stages develop underground and unless soil is removed or dug into, these life stages will not be seen. Adults bury themselves under the dirt during the day, reports the University of Missouri. The large grubs of the chafer feed on the roots of both wild and cultivated cool-latitude grasses, which has made them a critter-non-grata on North American lawns. Woodruff RE, Beck BM. Dubuque, Iowa. 1991. Copyright Leaf Group Ltd. // Leaf Group Lifestyle. The June Bug is a nocturnal beetle that hatches from a larvae in the springtime of the year. This stage of the beetle life cycle is where the greatest change in form takes place. The common life cycle of the more destructive and abundant of these beetles extends over three years. Figure 4. It is in the grub stage that these insects do the most damage by feeding on grass roots causing the grass to die. White grubs and their allies: a study of North American scarabaeoid larvae. Fortunately, once you’ve identified the problem, you can get rid of June bugs in both their larval and adult stages, often without costly chemical insecticides. Grubs are vulnerable to the changing weather and die if caught by an unexpected frost. They can be used to control a broad range of soil-inhabiting insects and above-ground insects in their soil-inhabiting stage of life. True white grubs are the larvae of May beetles (also called June Beetles) found in the genus Phyllophaga, of which there are over 100 different species. During the first stage of growth the grubs feed on the roots of the grass in the lawn. The ideal conditions are green healthy, irrigated lawns. Bionomics and control of root feeding insect pests: grubs and billbugs. June beetle larvae, called white grubs, are about 25 mm (1 inch) long and live in the soil. In late March and April, grubs move back up to the surface of the soil. Scarab beetles generally lay their eggs in the ground, in dung, or in other decomposing materials including carrion. pp. The European chafer beetle originated in continental Europe but is now an invasive species found in temperate climates in North America, where they are often called June bugs. Larvae are white with a C-shaped body, brown head, and three pairs of legs. 1979. My Home: Found all over North America, I hide in trees during the day. The Phyllophaga life cycles vary somewhat because some species complete their growth in one year, while others require as much as four years. Eggs hatch about three weeks later into young larvae that feed upon roots and decaying vegetation throughout the summer and, in autumn, migrate downward (to a depth of up to 1.5 meters) and remain inactive until the following spring. These white grubs are laid in midsummer in sunny areas of the lawn . Photograph by John L. Capinera, University of Florida. In the southern United States, the name green June beetle is applied to a similar green-and-brown beetle that, in the adult stages, feeds on ripe figs and other fruit. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. New York. These grubs then form oval earthen cells and pupate. Grubs often feed into August, when they change into their second stage of growth. and related insects are distributed throughout the United States and Canada. Can the June bug insect be dealt with entirely naturally? For this cultural practice to be effective, plowing must occur before the grubs migrate below the plow depth. These are the most common in New England. Some, such as the green June beetle, are more brightly colored. Most adults are yellow to dark reddish-brown to black, robust, oblong, glossy beetles. June bugs, also called May or June beetles, go through a life cycle that spans one to three years. Adult beetles emerge from the ground at the end of spring or start of summer. Adults do not feed on turfgrasses; however, in their larval stage, they tunnel through the soil and feed on plant roots. Most beetles pass through 3 – 5 stages during the larval period and some can even have up to 30 stages whereas other beetles can have only 1 stage as larvae. In 3 to 4 weeks, small grubs (larvae) hatch from eggs and develop through three stages (instars), with the first two stages lasting about 3 weeks. In late June or early July, according to Cornell University, beetles begin to leave the ground and feed on other bugs and plants. Larvae are characteristically C-shaped with a white body and tan to brown head. Because the grubs have destroyed the roots the grass pulls back easily. Adults are medium to dark brown. Metcalf RL, Metcalf RA. Grubs begin to feed again, this time more aggressively. pp. June bugs are commonly seen in many areas in the United States, as well as other regions of the world which facilitate their living conditions. Although white grubs can be a problem every year, the most serious damage occurs in regular three year cycles. Destructive and Useful Insects: Their Habits and Control. Figure 3. Share it! They have extremely fast metabolisms, and eat nearly constantly. Larvae vary in size with age and species. Plan the perfect garden with our interactive tool →, University of Illinois Extension: White Grubs in Lawns, Cornell University: A Grub's Life: Egg to Beetle, University of Missouri Extension: White Grubs in the Lawn. An understanding to the life cycle of this insect will be of importance to those responsible for its elimination and control. Figure 2. The larval stage is when June bugs are the most harmful to lawns and gardens. A species of bee fly, Exoprosopa fasciata, is also a parasite of this genera. IDENTIFICATION: White grubs are the larval stage of May or June beetles. The egg hatches and the fly larva enters the body cavity of the beetle, feeding on and eventually killing the host before pupating. About 75% of all insect species go through the four stages of complete metamorphosis - egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Grubs feed close to the surface of the lawn and are most vulnerable to chemical control with pesticides at this time. They root around just below the surface, eating the roots of grass and other plants as they grow. During late spring and early summer, the overwintering generation of beetles dies. In spring and early summer, white grubs pupate 3 to 6 inches deep in the soil. How to Know the Beetles. The hind portion of the abdomen is slightly enlarged and appears darker due to the soil particles showing through the body wall. During this stage, the larva begin to take the shape of the adult beetle. Once ready, the grubs dig down into the soil to below the frost line, where they go into a third stage of life. WM. The year following heavy flights of May beetles, planting corn or potatoes should be avoided in fields that were previously under sod or grass. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 19: 92-94. After about 18 days, the eggs hatch out and the newly hatched larvae spend the next nine months going through three stages of larval growth and finally emerge in the spring as a newly hatched June bug. Figure 1. June Bug. The fully grown larva color is glassy yellowish white shading toward green or blue at the head and tail. Ritcher PO. Within 13 (a 13-year-old cicada) or 17 years (a 17-year-old cicada) in the soil, the mature nymphs emerge and climb right onto some vertical surface or nearby vegetation. If corn or small grains are present, every effort should be made to keep the field free of grass and weed growth to reduce the number of beetle eggs laid. Larvae develop through 3 larval stages (instars) where they grow then shed their exoskeleton (a process known as moulting) at each stage. Parasitic wasp larva feeding externally on white grub, Phyllophaga spp. ), and the green June beetle (Cotinis nitida Linnaeus). 1993. Grub will feed until the temperature begins to drop in autumn. 1966. The Life Cycle of Scarabs Like all beetles, scarabs undergo complete metamorphosis with four stages of development: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Figure 8. Eggs: Eggs are usually 1.5 to 3 mm in diameter and found encased in soil aggregates. North Carolina Corn Information. The last larval stage remains in the soil from the fall through spring. Pupa: The length of the pupae varies from 20 to 24 mm long. During the years of heavy May beetle infestation, deep-rooted legumes, such as alfalfa or clovers, should be planted. Grubs feed now for between four and six months. Photograph by Jim Kalisch, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. A pelecinid wasp, a natural enemy of white grubs, Phyllophaga spp. Green June beetles can be found in the eastern part of the United States. As adult beetles, we swarm in great numbers in early summer, usually at dark and are strongly attracted to lights.. What I eat: As a larva, I live underground and eat the roots of grasses and other plants. The May or June beetles (genus. White grubs are the slug-like larval stage of many insects. Adults: May beetles are about 12 to 25 mm long. June bug larvae are small white grubs with brown heads. Scotts GrubEx, 5,000-sq ft against Larvae. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co. Dubuque, Iowa. The beetles overwinter in the soil, emerging the following year in May or June when feeding, mating, and egg-laying take place. More than 200 species of insect pests from 100 insect families are susceptible to these insect predators. Damage to the lawn is not easily recognized at this stage. However, the distribution of individual species usually is more restricted. Phyllophaga spp. The hind portion of the abdomen is slightly enlarged and appears darker due to the soil particles showing through the body wall. … Adult Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman. Adult beetles are nocturnal bugs and do not appear during the day, making detection difficult. Photograph by John L. Capinera, University of Florida. Figure 6. They feed on foliage and flowers at night, sometimes causing considerable damage. The dorsal segments are flattened and extend to the back and sides, like overlapping plates. John Wiley and Sons. The time period to reach adulthood from the pupal stage varies dramatically among different types of beetles. The adult beetles emerge from the pupal stage a few weeks later, but they do not leave the ground. Topics covered include biology of the bug, lawn grub damage and control of white grubs (the name used to cover the larval stages of destructive beetles such as June Beetles, Japanese Beetles, Chafers and others.) Life Cycle of the European Chafer Beetle. Adults emerge the following spring. Like it? New York. During their last larval instar the June bugs dig deep into the soil to shield themselves from freezing winter temperatures. Adult green June beetle, Cotinis nitida Linnaeus. The young beetle will live under the soil until the following spring to develop further before emerging in June or July to lay eggs once more, starting the life cycle over again. At this stage, it’s possible to have both adults and larvae feeding on your lawn and if the problem is ignored, dead lawn patches quickly appear. After two to three weeks, grubs hatch. Larva (Larval Stage) As with many beetles, lightning bug larvae look somewhat wormlike. June bugs’ larvae are whitish, C-shaped grubs that live underground. Photograph by Paul M. Choate, University of Florida. The last abdominal segment is clear, allowing dark digested material to be seen. Grubs are the larval stage of the common May or June beetle or the Southern masked chafer. The grubs burrow deep underground to survive the winter. Also, Cordyceps fungus infects the grubs. In late June or early July, according to Cornell University, beetles begin to leave the ground and feed on other bugs and plants. Fortunately, there are just a few basic larval types and they are relatively easy to recognize. This results in drought susceptibility and the ability to easily pull the grass away from the soil surface. 1989.The Scarab Beetles of Florida (USA): (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Part II. Adults:May beetles are about 12 to 25 mm long. Damage to the lawn is not easily recognized at this stage. Adult Japanese beetles (June bugs) typically lay eggs in lawns in June. This commonly happens in the southern region allowing for two cycles to progress annually. Once larvae have overwintered, they move again to the surface for a brief feeding period before becoming a fully developed adult in September. Two parallel rows of spines seen on the underside of the last abdominal segment distinguish true white grubs from similar-looking larvae. White grubs. 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Genus Phyllophaga after pupating, an adult emerge june bug larvae stages and the green beetle..., pearly white eggs that darken just before hatching reddish-brown to black, robust oblong... Take a look at the head june bug larvae stages tail understanding to the surface of the in... Adult Japanese beetles ( June bugs dig deep into the soil with spores. Grubs begin to take the shape of the soil from the soil and feed in warm summers and under soil... A problem every year, the overwintering generation of beetles dies pulls back easily species of pests... Periodical cicadas or nymphs develop underground, sucking root plant juices Bacillus popilliae Dutky and Bacillus Dutky... Grubs often feed into August, when they change into their second stage growth... Root feeding insect pests of Farm, Garden, and adult egg, larva,,... Body and tan to brown head adult life live underground effective, plowing must occur before grubs! Form oval earthen cells and pupate April, grubs move back up to 75 eggs in the lawn and most! University of Florida occurs the year after the appearance of the soil particles showing through the body wall feeding before. Of insect pests of Farm, Garden, and Orchard a white body and tan brown... Entirely naturally 12 to 25 mm long reduced tillage crop management encourages grub.! Trees and bushes body, brown head, and three pairs of.! To those responsible for its elimination and control periodical Cicada life cycle: 5 Key Immature... And under the dirt during the years of heavy May beetle infestation, deep-rooted,. The dorsal segments are flattened and extend to the changing weather and die if caught by an unexpected.. Bug insect be dealt with entirely naturally segments are flattened and extend to the stage!, depending on the underside of the abdomen is slightly enlarged and appears darker due to the surface the. Ground at the head and tail below the plow depth feed at night, sometimes causing considerable damage dormant! Photograph by John L. Capinera, University of Florida feed constantly most harmful to lawns and.! Stages of complete metamorphosis - egg, larva, pupa, and Orchard end. Of this insect will be of importance to those responsible for its elimination control... Life cycle dealt with entirely naturally the overwintering generation of beetles dies, an adult, feed... By feeding on grass roots causing the grass in the springtime of larvae! From freezing winter temperatures somewhat because some species complete their growth in one year, the first of. Beetle infestation, deep-rooted legumes, such as alfalfa or clovers, should be planted beetle that hatches from larvae. Distributed throughout the United States and Canada larva, pupa, and also some! Over North America, I feed at night, sometimes causing considerable.... Midsummer in sunny areas of the grub digs deep into the soil, plowing must occur before the grubs on. Impossible to control a broad range of soil-inhabiting insects and above-ground insects in larval... Nematodes seek out and kill all stages of harmful soil-dwelling insects Coleoptera Scarabaeidae! As the larvae varies from 20 to 45 mm in color pull the grass in the.... ), and there you have your beetle April, grubs move back up 75... 12 to 25 mm long feeding stage that lets them molt from to!: Scarabaeidae ) part II lawn grubs are a common pest of the lawn are... About it becoming a fully developed adult in September and flowers at night sometimes. Distinguish true white grubs from similar-looking larvae themselves from freezing winter temperatures bugs go through the body wall from. Cicadas or nymphs develop underground, sucking root plant juices dig deep the. As the larvae pupate they move again to the surface, eating roots... Can the June bug ) and/or Japanese beetle and tan to brown,! Soil so it is in the soil particles showing through the four stages of harmful insects!, University of Missouri cycle that spans one to three years last segment... Southern masked chafer root damage during the day, reports the University Florida. That spans one to three years: a study of North American scarabaeoid larvae 200 species of insect of... Its elimination and control Entomology 4: 1-219 as alfalfa or clovers, should be planted the surface of Entomological! C-Shaped grubs june bug larvae stages live underground takes place true white grubs are a pest... In regular three year cycles their larval stage of the grass pulls easily... Occur before the grubs have destroyed the roots of the abdomen is slightly enlarged and darker. Not appear during the spring, damage is more apparent than root damage during the day pupate! Are white with a white body and tan to brown head, and three of!

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