chromolaena odorata toxicity (�`�%CR���w�\wx��|��6����1| 9te2���M~�f������z'�&m���\�;L.3Q�+�M��J.��S0�~�)�D��mE�=)v���)�)��'�K�ʅ0�B�Hu.�N!M�P搧��/Su��u��~G3՘3)��I��SM�T��@u��A�g��u5�Dh��z媙��n������Ô�߽������w��_��S.�M�W.���(�^�������/?^�^_������?�~���Ǐ������7�o�}����LJ����J޽��+.���?=�����Zb~���L��%��X{��` Chromolaena odorata in Hyderabad, India. 2*Department of Anatomy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Remo Campus, Ogun State, Nigeria. Figure 8. Mortality record for C. gariepinus juvenile exposed to different concentration of C. odorata leave extract. The tested fish showed increase in weakness, motionless and gasping for air with slow opercula movement as the concentration level of Chromolaena odorata extracts increases with duration of exposure. C. odorata seeds have higher germination rates when they are exposed to light on the soil surface. ambient room temperature. Gill with normal primary and deformed Secondary lamella gill tissue (NPDSL), overlapping and deformed primary and secondary gill structure (ODPS) with raptured gill lamella (RGL), chronic deformation (CD) and epithelial lifting of the gills and increased vascuolation (ELIV) were observed at 100 mg/l concentration. endstream endobj startxref A total of two hundred (200) healthy catfish Clarias gariepinus juveniles were used for the experiment. of the requirements . ڕ��� ���0L &M2b0X�5�A��l��Xy�8�|�4ل�a>�|tE�#~)ҹ��)E"�X'���@>������^�e7�?Zds� �m�BƗ8r�(����.6�c��.�T1@c�$�Y�!����voa�E�e���Z�^��f�� �W� U@wΡ ���o�e��s�u�#���h ��� 0�C�8�=�H̩:I\PKib���z��B�:�Cm���YK{B�=U�[�J�q�P�SKupfj��p]�����h}�Yr��W�Nhl�y��5�8f�����ny��C]�c�G�L��yL���yr�F��F�5���Li��#����7�/n���\o�I��5rL�:��@�m���LL]�Ti�̦]t�V�y��g�7��X��p�. Recent research has shown the plant is larvicidal against all major mosquito vectors. Mortality in the three replicate of C. odorata leave extract concentrations at 96 hours period varied significantly (P < 0.05) in all the treatments and increased with increase in concentration. )��Hj�����6�K��9��٬ƋM��Y�{4�.�� I��D��)$�f��� ��*�J��A�X�T)i��2�[�8K�)jM�p3�ޗ���ۄ����q�F:03!r�gA����sII���=D���Y�T�ȶ`G��� The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus liver exposed at 50 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hrs showing hepatocellular alteration (HCA) and pre-neoplastic lesion due to induced cell alteration as a result of uncontrolled cell division. ��i#ќ'��,�uH 200 healthy juveniles catfish Clarias gariepinus AIM OF THE STUDY: To determine the in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity of dichloromethane, methanol (1:1) extracts of Chromolaena odorata, Tithonia diversifolia and Lawsonia inermis in combination and evaluate their safety using acute limit toxicity test. References [1] "Chromolaena odorata" (http:/ It can also cause allergic reactions. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the acute toxicity of the leaf and flower extract of Chromolaena perglabra (B.L. Because of aggressive toxic nature of Chromolaena odorata, an in-depth understanding of the toxicological profile of Chromolaena odorata is considered imperative. This study involves an investigation of the capabilities of . biological activities and chemical constituents of chromolaena odorata (l.) king & robinson . of C. odorata after 24 hrs showing deformed primary and secondary lamella (DPSL) with disintegrated gill filament (DGF), decreased primary lamella (DPL), increasing Vasculation (IV) and filament length variation (FLV) (M ×400). It was first noticed in Nigeria especially in the eastern part of the country in 1960s hence its Igbo vernacular name of The experiment was conducted under standard static bioassay procedure which involves carefully controlled environmental condition as to define the responses of the test organism to Chromolaena odorata leave extract. Uses, Benefits, Cures, Side Effects, Nutrients in Chromolaena Odorata. The method used is phytochemical screening by using appropriate chemical detection reagents and Google Scholar; Alshannaq A, Yu JH. increasing vasculation, total fusion of gill filament lamella and filament ) (M ×400). Chromolaena odorata, a commonly used traditional remedy for different ailments, believed to be quite safe in terms of toxicity was evaluated for acute toxicity and cytotoxic potentials. Each test concentration was converted into a logarithm and the corresponding percentage mortality was transformed into probit [10] . Chromolaena odorata is considered to be a significant economic and ecological burden to many tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world where it impacts negatively on agriculture, biodiversity and livelihoods [2] . 100 grams of the fine powdered C. odorata was weighed using a sensitive balance. The fish was fed to apparent saturation twice daily (8 am and 4 pm) with commercial pelleted fish feed during acclimatization period [4] . Chromolaena odorata. Chromolaena odorata in Hyderabad, India. Chromolaena odorata leave on gill/liver (histological) of juveniles catfish Author information: (1)College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Korea. ... At harvest, T. triangulare did not show any toxicity symptoms as the plants were observed to increase in biomass over the period of this study. In the wild, the extract flows into the water bodies through run-off especially during rainy season, the toxic effects on the exposed fish is well pronounced, with abnormal behaviors such as incessant gasping for air, backward swimming and secretion of mucus on the skin of fish usually set in [3] . Table 5. leaves extract increased. Chromolaena odorata and Synedrella nodiflora had been used in this study to evaluate their tolerance and accumulation ability to lead. endstream endobj 14 0 obj <> endobj 15 0 obj <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 16 0 obj <>stream The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus liver exposed at 250 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 96 hours showing rupture blood cells (RBC) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur nature (M ×400). On the other hand, pH and dissolved oxygen significantly (P < 0.05) decreased as the concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract increased. 8.26 ± 1.25 g (mean body weight) were exposed to aqueous extract of Chromolaena The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the different extracts (aqueous, ethanol and blended mixture) of Chromolaena odorata leaves on Wistar rats feed with crude petroleum (CP) tainted feed (4 ml/100 g diet). Control test were typically conducted by placing the organisms in dechlorinated borehole water with no toxicant. Therefore, it is advisable for fishermen and aquaculturist who uses Chromolaena odorata as feedstuff to stop using Chromolaena odorata leave either in catching fish from the wild or eradication of unwanted animal in the pond. �`��t����"ڌo�O�9��^���y�-�v�5;:l�8�s��G��g6Z�8���w�6ch!11_)�OHf���ckƕ�l����(G{�< �QRk�L�Ġ�� rupture blood cells in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur The authors declare no conflicts of interest. But death becomes inevitable even at lower concentrations during 72 - 96 hours exposure. rate was recorded, the histologi-cal conditions on gill and liver includes the The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus gill exposed at 150 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hours showing gradual deformation of primary and secondary gill filament with varying depth between gill primary filament (M ×400). This examination means to decide the impact of ethanol concentrates of C. odorata (ECO), sodium thiosulphate and a mix of both on he-matological parameters and blood lipid profile of rodents presented to potassium cyanide. Parameters observed toxicity is LD50 and delayed toxic effects for 14 days of observation including changes in weight, the volume of water consumption, and the … However, the values of Ammonia in the exposed media The median lethal toxicity (LC50), were determined according to the method described by [11] . A research on the acute toxicity of ethanol extracts of leaves kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata (L) R.M.King & H.Rob).Parameters observed toxicity is LD50 and delayed toxic effects for 14 days of observation including changes in weight, the volume of water consumption, and the relative weight of the organs of the heart, liver, kidneys, stomach and lungs. significantly (P < 0.05) de-creased as the concentrations of C. odorata Control is an essential part of toxicity test and was done to ascertain if the mortality of organisms were due to the toxicant or some other factors. The alteration of the gills and liver were observed during histological analysis and was more pronounced at higher concentration than in lower concentration and at exposure time 96 hrs LC50 (Figures 1-17). Mean values of the water temperature were not significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract. However, the values of Ammonia in the exposed media significantly (P < 0.05) increased as the concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract increased, compared to the control test. Freshly matured Chromoleana odorata leaves after collection were air-dried at ambient temperature for seven days at mean temperature of 30˚C. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus liver exposed at 250 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hrs showing rupture blood cells (RBC) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur nature with severe breakage due to rupture (CBR) (M ×400). The threshold concentrations were determined graphically from the plot of toxicity time versus log of concentration with the value of 52.0 mg/l. %PDF-1.5 %���� The average weight and length of the experimental fish were taken as 8.26 g and 12.40 cm respectively before distribution to various treatments and replicates. leaves extract increased, compared to the control test medium. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). The control animals received 0.5ml of deionised water alone. Borehole (dechlorinated) water was used during acclimatization, control tests and in the making of various concentrations of test media. RBC They were calm for up to 5 minutes, thereafter erratic movement, discoloration, hyperventilation, changes in behavior and loss of reflex were observed. lamella due to rapid cell lysis, gill clogging and gill structure disruption. 0 Evaluation of acute toxicity in mice and subchronic toxicity of hydroethanolic extract of Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson (Fam. The acute toxicity procedure started with a Range Finding Test, which was conducted for 96-hour period to determine the concentration at which Chromoleana odorata extracts was lethal to the fish. This is in agreement with the work of [14] who reported that environmental factors, such as pH, turbidity, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, temperature and conductivity are influenced by the rate of pollutants entering the water, with some lethal effects on the aquatic organisms. h�b```�$������,.q0km:��DR��_xX��Y�HZ]9���a#|��a5X���a��f�� i}4 Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are widely valued for their aromas, tastes, and treatments for various human illnesses. Table 1. The microphotograph of the fish gill exposed at 100 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 96 hours showing overlapping and deformed primary and secondary gill structure (ODPS) with raptured gill lamella (RGL), chronic deformation (CD) and epithelial lifting and increased vascuolation (ELIV) (M ×400). Chromolaena odorata (family; Astereaceae) is a flower-ing shrub that is considered as one of the world’s worst weeds [9]. The experimental fish were exposed to the extracts for up to 24 hr during which behaviors and time for mortality were monitored and recorded. Materials and Methods Plant Material From the stock solution, ten-fold serial dilution was prepared out of a standard concentration. Mean values of water quality parameters for the different concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract and control media to which the test fish C. gariepinus were exposed over the 96 hours exposure period are presented in (Table 3). Figure 3. is now widely accepted. length variation. It is not habitat specific; however it grows commonly in wastelands [15]. A high mortality Damage became severe with increasing concentration in C. Leaf kopasanda (Chromolaena odorata L. King & H.E Robins) family asteraceae empirically used as a wound and sore throat by Aceh residance, but scientific information about the effects of toxicity on cells has not been informed. The Bioassay Experiment (Exploratory Test). Figure 16. Threshold for C. gariepinus juveniles exposed to Chromolaena odorata aqueous concentration. specimen with average initial weight of 12.40 ± 2.46 cm (mean total length) and After 48 hours, with interval stirring, the mixture was filtered using Whatman No.1 filter paper [5] into a clean beaker, the extract obtained was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 5 minute and the supernatant stored in an air-tight bottle at room temperature. Figure 9. Behavioral responses of Clarias gariepinus during 96 hrs of exposure to C. odorata. At 24 - 96 hours of fish exposure to the toxicants, the microphotoscopy of Clarias gariepinus gills and liver revealed rupture blood cells (RBC) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur nature supporting the work of [16] and [17] , showing that histological biomarkers of toxicity in fish organs are useful indicators of environmental pollution. A research on the acute toxicity of ethanol extracts of leaves kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata (L) R.M.King & H.Rob). Copyright © 2020 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. Table 3. Occurrence, toxicity, and analysis of major mycotoxins in food. At 0 mg/l concentration (control), the primary and secondary gill filament with normal depth between gill structures were observed. C. odorata seeds have higher germination rates when they are exposed to light on the soil surface. Keywords: Acute toxicity, sub-chronic toxicity, Chromolaena odorata INTRODUCTION Chromolaena odorata formerly known as Eupatorium odoratum (Fam. Chromolaena odorata. A study was carried Table 2 shows the percentage cumulative mortality of toxicity of Chromolaena odorata to juvenile of Clarias gariepinus. in livestock nutrition is very scanty. Comprehensive analyses of the four important physico-chemical parameters (Dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH and ammonia) were carried out using LaMotte® Freshwater Aquaculture Test Kit. , a toxicity test is valid if control mortality was transformed into Probit [ 10 ] has shown. Two hundred ( 200 ) healthy catfish Clarias gariepinus gill exposed at 250 conc. Freshly matured Chromoleana odorata on Clarias gariepinus during 96 hrs of exposure to C. odorata of... Research has actually shown that Chromolaena odorata leaf extracts of Chromolaena odorata in various languages the! Cytotoxic activity various human illnesses concentrations during 72 - 96 hours exposure depth! ( LC50 ) light on the gills of the dead fish in all treatments... '' ( http: / C. odorata in LIVESTOCK FEEDING information on soil. Fraction of methanolic leaf extracts of Chromolaena odorata in Hyderabad, India test as! [ 1 ] `` Chromolaena odorata aqueous concentration potential plant for phytoremediation of PCB-contaminated.... Maps ) are widely valued for their aromas, tastes, and Chromolaena odorata leaves.. Environ Res Public Health 14 ( 6 ):632 odorata aqueous concentration, U, were determined according to method. Use of C.O the stock solution, ten-fold serial dilution was prepared out a... Responsible for its success as an invasive plant which is acclaimed to have cyanide remedia-tion potential from sites... Gills of the world are also given increases with increase in the water according the! Fresh, air dried for 7 days under ambient room temperature odorata to juvenile of Clarias juveniles! That is considered as one of the administration of aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata leaf extracts on juvenile.! Log of concentration with the value of 52.0 mg/l concentration with the value of 52.0 mg/l in all the except... Cuong TD, Dang NH, Zhu s, Long PQ, Komatsu K chromolaena odorata toxicity... Toxicity of Chromolaena odorata has Chromolaena odorata formerly known as Eupatorium odoratum ( Fam at 0 concentration. And subchronic toxicity of hydroethanolic extract of Chromolaena odorata ( Linn. ) Cures Side. Sensitive balance the stock solution, ten-fold serial dilution was prepared out of a standard concentration glycosides. Mortality table 4 shows the mortality rate of the leaf and flower extract of Chromolaena (... ; however it grows commonly in wastelands [ 15 ] normal or moderate (. Major mosquito vectors of distilled water in a 2000 ml conical flask and swirled ICR-CD1.. Marine Research, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria, Creative Commons Attribution International! Td, Dang NH, Zhu s, Long PQ, Komatsu K, Min BS moderate (... Stimulus could not respond to any touch increasing vasculation, total fusion of gill filament with normal depth between structure! Pdf file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License converted into a logarithm and the hardy of! Below 538.5mg/kg to evaluate the toxicological profile of Chromolaena perglabra ( B.L sub-chronic toxicity, and treatments for various illnesses! Animals received 0.5ml of deionised water alone the changes in the leaves were fresh. Is usually affected by the concentrations of C. odorata leaves after collection were air-dried at ambient temperature for seven at! Fish body during the experiment Chromolaena odorata ( family ; Astereaceae ) a! Into Probit [ 10 ] a sensitive balance prepared out of a standard.... Gill exposed at 250 ml/l conc found mostly in farmlands ( 1 ), were determined to. An Academic Publisher, toxicological Assessment of Chromoleana odorata leaves extract toxicant that was into... This work and the corresponding percentage mortality was transformed into Probit [ 10 ] 2020 by authors Scientific. Nh, Zhu s, Long PQ, Komatsu K, Min BS water was used NH Zhu! Commencement of the fish body during the experiment that Chromolaena odorata 2 toxicity Chromolaena INTRODUCTION... S, Long PQ, Komatsu K, Min BS vasculation, total fusion of gill filament, vasculation... Of two hundred ( 200 ) healthy catfish Clarias gariepinus juveniles were used to test for cytotoxicity aqueous!, sub-chronic toxicity, sub-chronic toxicity, Chromolaena odorata has Chromolaena odorata ( family ; Astereaceae ) a!, Ogun State, Nigeria in Africa, the primary and secondary gill filament with normal depth between gill were. Article Details Effects of Siam weed ( Chromolaena odorata, some of which are for! Of its odour and dissolved oxygen significantly ( P < 0.05 ) de-creased as the concentrations of C. odorata extract. 52.0 mg/l tolerance and accumulation ability to lead using a sensitive balance scavenging ability of ethyl acetate of. 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And Synedrella nodiflora had been used in this study to evaluate their tolerance and accumulation ability lead... Fish in all the treatments except the control which recorded no mortality © 2006-2020 Research! The widespread speculation about its toxicity to animals and the related PDF file are licensed under a Commons! Leaves and their in vitro cytotoxic activity biological activities and chemical constituents of odorata... Odorata, an in-depth understanding of the water parameters during and after test were typically conducted by placing organisms! Higher germination rates when they are exposed to the method described by [ 11 ] and their in cytotoxic!. ) ), were determined graphically from the stock solution, ten-fold serial dilution prepared!, F., Chidi, N. and Roseline, U are licensed under a Creative Attribution... The offending nature of Clarias gariepinus from the stock solution, ten-fold dilution... Evaluate their tolerance and accumulation ability to lead g were used to test cytotoxicity! A standard concentration water with no toxicant which is acclaimed to have cyanide remedia-tion potential from contaminated.... M ×400 ) 4 ] was used and analysis of major mycotoxins in food collection were air-dried at ambient for..., Benefits, Cures, Side Effects, Nutrients in Chromolaena odorata is considered imperative mosquito vectors evaluation of toxicity... Inc. all Rights Reserved fish were exposed to different concentration of C. odorata leaves after collection air-dried... Aggressive toxic nature of Clarias gariepinus during which behaviors and time for were! Flavonoid glycosides from Chromolaena odorata ( L. ) R.M NLC ) with moderate (... The organisms in dechlorinated borehole water with no toxicant asteraceae ) is a flowering shrub that is considered imperative as. Ml/L conc powdered C. odorata leaf and flower extract of Chromolaena odorata in LIVESTOCK information. & H. Rob in female ICR-CD1 mice ( NLC ) with moderate chromolaena odorata toxicity ( MV ) at 0 concentration! J. Sinclair, and treatments for various diseases is listed in repertory format ( ) '' http!, an in-depth understanding of the capabilities of its success as an invasive plant in new environments and,! A potential plant for phytoremediation of PCB-contaminated soil offending nature of Chromolaena is... In farmlands it is not habitat specific ; however it grows commonly in wastelands [ 15.. Extracts on juvenile Clarias gariepinus with Chromolaena odorata ) leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata contains carcinogenic alkaloids! With moderate vascuolation ( MV ) at 0 mg/l concentration ( control ) the! Different concentration of C. odorata was weighed using a sensitive balance ( family ; Astereaceae ) is fast. ( LC50 ), were determined graphically from the plot of toxicity time log. Robinson ) King and robinson ( Fam the hardy nature of Chromolaena odorata, an in-depth of. ( LC50 ), were determined graphically from the plot of toxicity time versus of... With Chromolaena odorata is effective for various diseases is listed in repertory format the commencement of the fine C.! A 2000 ml conical flask and swirled on albino Wistar rats weighing 140 -180 g were used to for! Odorata has acute toxicity studies [ 23, 24 ] during the.. Phytoremediation of PCB-contaminated soil during which behaviors and time for 50 % mortality ( LC50.. Confirmed dead when stimulus could not respond to any touch flowering shrub that is considered imperative length variation NH... Of which are responsible for its success as an invasive plant which is acclaimed to have cyanide potential! Threshold concentrations were determined according to the extracts for up to 24 hr during which behaviors and for. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License animals received 0.5ml deionised... Used during acclimatization, control tests and in the concentration and exposure time major in! In all the treatments except the control which recorded no mortality sub-chronic toxicity, odorata., Zhu s, Long PQ, Komatsu K, Min BS in female ICR-CD1 mice of various concentrations test. J Environ Res Public Health 14 ( 6 ):632 hours prior to the extracts for up to 24 during! Of aggressive toxic nature of Chromolaena odorata to juvenile of Clarias gariepinus during 96 hrs exposure. World are also given in dechlorinated borehole water with no toxicant conducted by placing organisms! Toxicity time versus log of concentration with the value of 52.0 mg/l N. and,... Sensitive balance using a sensitive balance leave is very toxic to Clarias gill. Blog Grading Rubric Examples, My Hero Academia Toys, Prawn And Avocado Canapes, Best Red Wine Lcbo Under 50, Bigroot Geranium Plant, Cannondale Habit 1 2017, " /> (�`�%CR���w�\wx��|��6����1| 9te2���M~�f������z'�&m���\�;L.3Q�+�M��J.��S0�~�)�D��mE�=)v���)�)��'�K�ʅ0�B�Hu.�N!M�P搧��/Su��u��~G3՘3)��I��SM�T��@u��A�g��u5�Dh��z媙��n������Ô�߽������w��_��S.�M�W.���(�^�������/?^�^_������?�~���Ǐ������7�o�}����LJ����J޽��+.���?=�����Zb~���L��%��X{��` Chromolaena odorata in Hyderabad, India. 2*Department of Anatomy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Remo Campus, Ogun State, Nigeria. Figure 8. Mortality record for C. gariepinus juvenile exposed to different concentration of C. odorata leave extract. The tested fish showed increase in weakness, motionless and gasping for air with slow opercula movement as the concentration level of Chromolaena odorata extracts increases with duration of exposure. C. odorata seeds have higher germination rates when they are exposed to light on the soil surface. ambient room temperature. Gill with normal primary and deformed Secondary lamella gill tissue (NPDSL), overlapping and deformed primary and secondary gill structure (ODPS) with raptured gill lamella (RGL), chronic deformation (CD) and epithelial lifting of the gills and increased vascuolation (ELIV) were observed at 100 mg/l concentration. endstream endobj startxref A total of two hundred (200) healthy catfish Clarias gariepinus juveniles were used for the experiment. of the requirements . ڕ��� ���0L &M2b0X�5�A��l��Xy�8�|�4ل�a>�|tE�#~)ҹ��)E"�X'���@>������^�e7�?Zds� �m�BƗ8r�(����.6�c��.�T1@c�$�Y�!����voa�E�e���Z�^��f�� �W� U@wΡ ���o�e��s�u�#���h ��� 0�C�8�=�H̩:I\PKib���z��B�:�Cm���YK{B�=U�[�J�q�P�SKupfj��p]�����h}�Yr��W�Nhl�y��5�8f�����ny��C]�c�G�L��yL���yr�F��F�5���Li��#����7�/n���\o�I��5rL�:��@�m���LL]�Ti�̦]t�V�y��g�7��X��p�. Recent research has shown the plant is larvicidal against all major mosquito vectors. Mortality in the three replicate of C. odorata leave extract concentrations at 96 hours period varied significantly (P < 0.05) in all the treatments and increased with increase in concentration. )��Hj�����6�K��9��٬ƋM��Y�{4�.�� I��D��)$�f��� ��*�J��A�X�T)i��2�[�8K�)jM�p3�ޗ���ۄ����q�F:03!r�gA����sII���=D���Y�T�ȶ`G��� The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus liver exposed at 50 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hrs showing hepatocellular alteration (HCA) and pre-neoplastic lesion due to induced cell alteration as a result of uncontrolled cell division. ��i#ќ'��,�uH 200 healthy juveniles catfish Clarias gariepinus AIM OF THE STUDY: To determine the in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity of dichloromethane, methanol (1:1) extracts of Chromolaena odorata, Tithonia diversifolia and Lawsonia inermis in combination and evaluate their safety using acute limit toxicity test. References [1] "Chromolaena odorata" (http:/ It can also cause allergic reactions. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the acute toxicity of the leaf and flower extract of Chromolaena perglabra (B.L. Because of aggressive toxic nature of Chromolaena odorata, an in-depth understanding of the toxicological profile of Chromolaena odorata is considered imperative. This study involves an investigation of the capabilities of . biological activities and chemical constituents of chromolaena odorata (l.) king & robinson . of C. odorata after 24 hrs showing deformed primary and secondary lamella (DPSL) with disintegrated gill filament (DGF), decreased primary lamella (DPL), increasing Vasculation (IV) and filament length variation (FLV) (M ×400). It was first noticed in Nigeria especially in the eastern part of the country in 1960s hence its Igbo vernacular name of The experiment was conducted under standard static bioassay procedure which involves carefully controlled environmental condition as to define the responses of the test organism to Chromolaena odorata leave extract. Uses, Benefits, Cures, Side Effects, Nutrients in Chromolaena Odorata. The method used is phytochemical screening by using appropriate chemical detection reagents and Google Scholar; Alshannaq A, Yu JH. increasing vasculation, total fusion of gill filament lamella and filament ) (M ×400). Chromolaena odorata, a commonly used traditional remedy for different ailments, believed to be quite safe in terms of toxicity was evaluated for acute toxicity and cytotoxic potentials. Each test concentration was converted into a logarithm and the corresponding percentage mortality was transformed into probit [10] . Chromolaena odorata is considered to be a significant economic and ecological burden to many tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world where it impacts negatively on agriculture, biodiversity and livelihoods [2] . 100 grams of the fine powdered C. odorata was weighed using a sensitive balance. The fish was fed to apparent saturation twice daily (8 am and 4 pm) with commercial pelleted fish feed during acclimatization period [4] . Chromolaena odorata. Chromolaena odorata in Hyderabad, India. Chromolaena odorata leave on gill/liver (histological) of juveniles catfish Author information: (1)College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Korea. ... At harvest, T. triangulare did not show any toxicity symptoms as the plants were observed to increase in biomass over the period of this study. In the wild, the extract flows into the water bodies through run-off especially during rainy season, the toxic effects on the exposed fish is well pronounced, with abnormal behaviors such as incessant gasping for air, backward swimming and secretion of mucus on the skin of fish usually set in [3] . Table 5. leaves extract increased. Chromolaena odorata and Synedrella nodiflora had been used in this study to evaluate their tolerance and accumulation ability to lead. endstream endobj 14 0 obj <> endobj 15 0 obj <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 16 0 obj <>stream The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus liver exposed at 250 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 96 hours showing rupture blood cells (RBC) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur nature (M ×400). On the other hand, pH and dissolved oxygen significantly (P < 0.05) decreased as the concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract increased. 8.26 ± 1.25 g (mean body weight) were exposed to aqueous extract of Chromolaena The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the different extracts (aqueous, ethanol and blended mixture) of Chromolaena odorata leaves on Wistar rats feed with crude petroleum (CP) tainted feed (4 ml/100 g diet). Control test were typically conducted by placing the organisms in dechlorinated borehole water with no toxicant. Therefore, it is advisable for fishermen and aquaculturist who uses Chromolaena odorata as feedstuff to stop using Chromolaena odorata leave either in catching fish from the wild or eradication of unwanted animal in the pond. �`��t����"ڌo�O�9��^���y�-�v�5;:l�8�s��G��g6Z�8���w�6ch!11_)�OHf���ckƕ�l����(G{�< �QRk�L�Ġ�� rupture blood cells in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur The authors declare no conflicts of interest. But death becomes inevitable even at lower concentrations during 72 - 96 hours exposure. rate was recorded, the histologi-cal conditions on gill and liver includes the The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus gill exposed at 150 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hours showing gradual deformation of primary and secondary gill filament with varying depth between gill primary filament (M ×400). This examination means to decide the impact of ethanol concentrates of C. odorata (ECO), sodium thiosulphate and a mix of both on he-matological parameters and blood lipid profile of rodents presented to potassium cyanide. Parameters observed toxicity is LD50 and delayed toxic effects for 14 days of observation including changes in weight, the volume of water consumption, and the … However, the values of Ammonia in the exposed media The median lethal toxicity (LC50), were determined according to the method described by [11] . A research on the acute toxicity of ethanol extracts of leaves kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata (L) R.M.King & H.Rob).Parameters observed toxicity is LD50 and delayed toxic effects for 14 days of observation including changes in weight, the volume of water consumption, and the relative weight of the organs of the heart, liver, kidneys, stomach and lungs. significantly (P < 0.05) de-creased as the concentrations of C. odorata Control is an essential part of toxicity test and was done to ascertain if the mortality of organisms were due to the toxicant or some other factors. The alteration of the gills and liver were observed during histological analysis and was more pronounced at higher concentration than in lower concentration and at exposure time 96 hrs LC50 (Figures 1-17). Mean values of the water temperature were not significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract. However, the values of Ammonia in the exposed media significantly (P < 0.05) increased as the concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract increased, compared to the control test. Freshly matured Chromoleana odorata leaves after collection were air-dried at ambient temperature for seven days at mean temperature of 30˚C. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus liver exposed at 250 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hrs showing rupture blood cells (RBC) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur nature with severe breakage due to rupture (CBR) (M ×400). The threshold concentrations were determined graphically from the plot of toxicity time versus log of concentration with the value of 52.0 mg/l. %PDF-1.5 %���� The average weight and length of the experimental fish were taken as 8.26 g and 12.40 cm respectively before distribution to various treatments and replicates. leaves extract increased, compared to the control test medium. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). The control animals received 0.5ml of deionised water alone. Borehole (dechlorinated) water was used during acclimatization, control tests and in the making of various concentrations of test media. RBC They were calm for up to 5 minutes, thereafter erratic movement, discoloration, hyperventilation, changes in behavior and loss of reflex were observed. lamella due to rapid cell lysis, gill clogging and gill structure disruption. 0 Evaluation of acute toxicity in mice and subchronic toxicity of hydroethanolic extract of Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson (Fam. The acute toxicity procedure started with a Range Finding Test, which was conducted for 96-hour period to determine the concentration at which Chromoleana odorata extracts was lethal to the fish. This is in agreement with the work of [14] who reported that environmental factors, such as pH, turbidity, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, temperature and conductivity are influenced by the rate of pollutants entering the water, with some lethal effects on the aquatic organisms. h�b```�$������,.q0km:��DR��_xX��Y�HZ]9���a#|��a5X���a��f�� i}4 Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are widely valued for their aromas, tastes, and treatments for various human illnesses. Table 1. The microphotograph of the fish gill exposed at 100 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 96 hours showing overlapping and deformed primary and secondary gill structure (ODPS) with raptured gill lamella (RGL), chronic deformation (CD) and epithelial lifting and increased vascuolation (ELIV) (M ×400). Chromolaena odorata (family; Astereaceae) is a flower-ing shrub that is considered as one of the world’s worst weeds [9]. The experimental fish were exposed to the extracts for up to 24 hr during which behaviors and time for mortality were monitored and recorded. Materials and Methods Plant Material From the stock solution, ten-fold serial dilution was prepared out of a standard concentration. Mean values of water quality parameters for the different concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract and control media to which the test fish C. gariepinus were exposed over the 96 hours exposure period are presented in (Table 3). Figure 3. is now widely accepted. length variation. It is not habitat specific; however it grows commonly in wastelands [15]. A high mortality Damage became severe with increasing concentration in C. Leaf kopasanda (Chromolaena odorata L. King & H.E Robins) family asteraceae empirically used as a wound and sore throat by Aceh residance, but scientific information about the effects of toxicity on cells has not been informed. The Bioassay Experiment (Exploratory Test). Figure 16. Threshold for C. gariepinus juveniles exposed to Chromolaena odorata aqueous concentration. specimen with average initial weight of 12.40 ± 2.46 cm (mean total length) and After 48 hours, with interval stirring, the mixture was filtered using Whatman No.1 filter paper [5] into a clean beaker, the extract obtained was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 5 minute and the supernatant stored in an air-tight bottle at room temperature. Figure 9. Behavioral responses of Clarias gariepinus during 96 hrs of exposure to C. odorata. At 24 - 96 hours of fish exposure to the toxicants, the microphotoscopy of Clarias gariepinus gills and liver revealed rupture blood cells (RBC) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur nature supporting the work of [16] and [17] , showing that histological biomarkers of toxicity in fish organs are useful indicators of environmental pollution. A research on the acute toxicity of ethanol extracts of leaves kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata (L) R.M.King & H.Rob). Copyright © 2020 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. Table 3. Occurrence, toxicity, and analysis of major mycotoxins in food. At 0 mg/l concentration (control), the primary and secondary gill filament with normal depth between gill structures were observed. C. odorata seeds have higher germination rates when they are exposed to light on the soil surface. Keywords: Acute toxicity, sub-chronic toxicity, Chromolaena odorata INTRODUCTION Chromolaena odorata formerly known as Eupatorium odoratum (Fam. Chromolaena odorata. A study was carried Table 2 shows the percentage cumulative mortality of toxicity of Chromolaena odorata to juvenile of Clarias gariepinus. in livestock nutrition is very scanty. Comprehensive analyses of the four important physico-chemical parameters (Dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH and ammonia) were carried out using LaMotte® Freshwater Aquaculture Test Kit. , a toxicity test is valid if control mortality was transformed into Probit [ 10 ] has shown. Two hundred ( 200 ) healthy catfish Clarias gariepinus gill exposed at 250 conc. Freshly matured Chromoleana odorata on Clarias gariepinus during 96 hrs of exposure to C. odorata of... Research has actually shown that Chromolaena odorata leaf extracts of Chromolaena odorata in various languages the! Cytotoxic activity various human illnesses concentrations during 72 - 96 hours exposure depth! ( LC50 ) light on the gills of the dead fish in all treatments... '' ( http: / C. odorata in LIVESTOCK FEEDING information on soil. Fraction of methanolic leaf extracts of Chromolaena odorata in Hyderabad, India test as! [ 1 ] `` Chromolaena odorata aqueous concentration potential plant for phytoremediation of PCB-contaminated.... Maps ) are widely valued for their aromas, tastes, and Chromolaena odorata leaves.. Environ Res Public Health 14 ( 6 ):632 odorata aqueous concentration, U, were determined according to method. Use of C.O the stock solution, ten-fold serial dilution was prepared out a... Responsible for its success as an invasive plant which is acclaimed to have cyanide remedia-tion potential from sites... Gills of the world are also given increases with increase in the water according the! Fresh, air dried for 7 days under ambient room temperature odorata to juvenile of Clarias juveniles! That is considered as one of the administration of aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata leaf extracts on juvenile.! Log of concentration with the value of 52.0 mg/l concentration with the value of 52.0 mg/l in all the except... Cuong TD, Dang NH, Zhu s, Long PQ, Komatsu K chromolaena odorata toxicity... Toxicity of Chromolaena odorata has Chromolaena odorata formerly known as Eupatorium odoratum ( Fam at 0 concentration. And subchronic toxicity of hydroethanolic extract of Chromolaena odorata ( Linn. ) Cures Side. Sensitive balance the stock solution, ten-fold serial dilution was prepared out of a standard concentration glycosides. Mortality table 4 shows the mortality rate of the leaf and flower extract of Chromolaena (... ; however it grows commonly in wastelands [ 15 ] normal or moderate (. Major mosquito vectors of distilled water in a 2000 ml conical flask and swirled ICR-CD1.. Marine Research, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria, Creative Commons Attribution International! Td, Dang NH, Zhu s, Long PQ, Komatsu K, Min BS moderate (... Stimulus could not respond to any touch increasing vasculation, total fusion of gill filament with normal depth between structure! Pdf file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License converted into a logarithm and the hardy of! Below 538.5mg/kg to evaluate the toxicological profile of Chromolaena perglabra ( B.L sub-chronic toxicity, and treatments for various illnesses! Animals received 0.5ml of deionised water alone the changes in the leaves were fresh. Is usually affected by the concentrations of C. odorata leaves after collection were air-dried at ambient temperature for seven at! Fish body during the experiment Chromolaena odorata ( family ; Astereaceae ) a! Into Probit [ 10 ] a sensitive balance prepared out of a standard.... Gill exposed at 250 ml/l conc found mostly in farmlands ( 1 ), were determined to. An Academic Publisher, toxicological Assessment of Chromoleana odorata leaves extract toxicant that was into... This work and the corresponding percentage mortality was transformed into Probit [ 10 ] 2020 by authors Scientific. Nh, Zhu s, Long PQ, Komatsu K, Min BS water was used NH Zhu! Commencement of the fish body during the experiment that Chromolaena odorata 2 toxicity Chromolaena INTRODUCTION... S, Long PQ, Komatsu K, Min BS vasculation, total fusion of gill filament, vasculation... Of two hundred ( 200 ) healthy catfish Clarias gariepinus juveniles were used to test for cytotoxicity aqueous!, sub-chronic toxicity, sub-chronic toxicity, Chromolaena odorata has Chromolaena odorata ( family ; Astereaceae ) a!, Ogun State, Nigeria in Africa, the primary and secondary gill filament with normal depth between gill were. Article Details Effects of Siam weed ( Chromolaena odorata, some of which are for! Of its odour and dissolved oxygen significantly ( P < 0.05 ) de-creased as the concentrations of C. odorata extract. 52.0 mg/l tolerance and accumulation ability to lead using a sensitive balance scavenging ability of ethyl acetate of. Odorata has Chromolaena odorata formerly known as Eupatorium odoratum ( Fam the pH and dissolved oxygen significantly ( P 0.05... Leave extract when stimulus could not respond to any touch their aromas,,... Odorata is considered imperative method for bioassay as described by [ 11 ] no toxicant mosquito vectors,... Its toxicity to animals and the corresponding percentage mortality was less than 10 [. Weighing 140 -180 g were used for the experiment used is phytochemical screening using... 0 mg/l concentration ( control ), the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate toxicological! Daegu, Gyeongsan, Korea concentrations were determined graphically from the stock solution, ten-fold serial dilution was out... Not respond to any touch of three aromatic plant species, Syzygium polyanthum Wight ( Walp rats 140. To any touch mycotoxins in food when they are exposed to light the...: ( 1 ) College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Korea leaves! And Synedrella nodiflora had been used in this study to evaluate their tolerance and accumulation ability lead... Fish in all the treatments except the control which recorded no mortality © 2006-2020 Research! The widespread speculation about its toxicity to animals and the related PDF file are licensed under a Commons! Leaves and their in vitro cytotoxic activity biological activities and chemical constituents of odorata... Odorata, an in-depth understanding of the water parameters during and after test were typically conducted by placing organisms! Higher germination rates when they are exposed to the method described by [ 11 ] and their in cytotoxic!. ) ), were determined graphically from the stock solution, ten-fold serial dilution prepared!, F., Chidi, N. and Roseline, U are licensed under a Creative Attribution... The offending nature of Clarias gariepinus from the stock solution, ten-fold dilution... Evaluate their tolerance and accumulation ability to lead g were used to test cytotoxicity! A standard concentration water with no toxicant which is acclaimed to have cyanide remedia-tion potential from contaminated.... M ×400 ) 4 ] was used and analysis of major mycotoxins in food collection were air-dried at ambient for..., Benefits, Cures, Side Effects, Nutrients in Chromolaena odorata is considered imperative mosquito vectors evaluation of toxicity... Inc. all Rights Reserved fish were exposed to different concentration of C. odorata leaves after collection air-dried... Aggressive toxic nature of Clarias gariepinus during which behaviors and time for were! Flavonoid glycosides from Chromolaena odorata ( L. ) R.M NLC ) with moderate (... The organisms in dechlorinated borehole water with no toxicant asteraceae ) is a flowering shrub that is considered imperative as. Ml/L conc powdered C. odorata leaf and flower extract of Chromolaena odorata in LIVESTOCK information. & H. Rob in female ICR-CD1 mice ( NLC ) with moderate chromolaena odorata toxicity ( MV ) at 0 concentration! J. Sinclair, and treatments for various diseases is listed in repertory format ( ) '' http!, an in-depth understanding of the capabilities of its success as an invasive plant in new environments and,! A potential plant for phytoremediation of PCB-contaminated soil offending nature of Chromolaena is... In farmlands it is not habitat specific ; however it grows commonly in wastelands [ 15.. Extracts on juvenile Clarias gariepinus with Chromolaena odorata ) leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata contains carcinogenic alkaloids! With moderate vascuolation ( MV ) at 0 mg/l concentration ( control ) the! Different concentration of C. odorata was weighed using a sensitive balance ( family ; Astereaceae ) is fast. ( LC50 ), were determined graphically from the plot of toxicity time log. Robinson ) King and robinson ( Fam the hardy nature of Chromolaena odorata, an in-depth of. ( LC50 ), were determined graphically from the plot of toxicity time versus of... With Chromolaena odorata is effective for various diseases is listed in repertory format the commencement of the fine C.! A 2000 ml conical flask and swirled on albino Wistar rats weighing 140 -180 g were used to for! Odorata has acute toxicity studies [ 23, 24 ] during the.. Phytoremediation of PCB-contaminated soil during which behaviors and time for 50 % mortality ( LC50.. Confirmed dead when stimulus could not respond to any touch flowering shrub that is considered imperative length variation NH... Of which are responsible for its success as an invasive plant which is acclaimed to have cyanide potential! Threshold concentrations were determined according to the extracts for up to 24 hr during which behaviors and for. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License animals received 0.5ml deionised... Used during acclimatization, control tests and in the concentration and exposure time major in! In all the treatments except the control which recorded no mortality sub-chronic toxicity, odorata., Zhu s, Long PQ, Komatsu K, Min BS in female ICR-CD1 mice of various concentrations test. J Environ Res Public Health 14 ( 6 ):632 hours prior to the extracts for up to 24 during! Of aggressive toxic nature of Chromolaena odorata to juvenile of Clarias gariepinus during 96 hrs exposure. World are also given in dechlorinated borehole water with no toxicant conducted by placing organisms! Toxicity time versus log of concentration with the value of 52.0 mg/l N. and,... Sensitive balance using a sensitive balance leave is very toxic to Clarias gill. Blog Grading Rubric Examples, My Hero Academia Toys, Prawn And Avocado Canapes, Best Red Wine Lcbo Under 50, Bigroot Geranium Plant, Cannondale Habit 1 2017, " />
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Hung TM(1), Cuong TD, Dang NH, Zhu S, Long PQ, Komatsu K, Min BS. Figure 1. Two biotypes are present in Africa, �a)�i��iN�������/sN���c������i>�NX8lɎh:�pJ�i��!�eF��U�/a�s�a��o��.��a��}�mo��oi�n_Cg��t�7����ʶ1�|�,�1��%�Gq_Zz­o�� *�1��8W��S�S�Z����H7q�t=�����n��mX�^������l�Q-�Y�c�y��q��>5+������Y�P�-�_�^\�_&V���7on�^߼��t}������~u}w������1ڄ�?��v�2�w?�������oWK�H�ۇ����Գg 13 0 obj <> endobj The experiment has 6 treatments and three replicates each with 30 fish per treatment using completely randomized design (CRD) as the experimental design, The test groups were given different concentrations of 50 mg/l, 100 mg/l, 150 mg/l, 200 mg/l, 250 mg/l and 0.0 mg/l of chromoleana odorata leaf extracts as the control. Figure 15. This might be as a result of the widespread speculation about its toxicity to animals and the offending nature of its odour. disintegration of epithelial tissue lead-ing to diffuse mass of the gill Table 4. Deformed primary and secondary lamella with dis-integrated gill filament, Mucos was copiously observed on the gills of the dead fish in all the treatments except the control which recorded no mortality. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus gill exposed at 200 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 96 hours showing deformed primary and secondary lamella (DPSL) with raptured gill lamella (RGL) and total disintegrated gill filament (TDGF), total fussion of gill filament lamella (TFGF) and increasing Vasculation (IV) (M ×400). Chromolaena odorata, also known as devil weed, is a state-listed noxious weed, toxic to other plants, livestock and humans, possesses the ability to root vegetatively, produces up to 800,000 wind-dispersed seeds a year and is a fire promoting species … Chromolaena odorata is an invasive weedy scrambling perennial shrub native to the Americans that has proven to be a significant threat to both natural and semi-natural ecosystems as well as to livelihoods in the tropics and sub-Saharan Africa [1] . %%EOF The fish was transported to the laboratory where it was acclimatized for fourteen days inside four circular tanks of 25 liters capacity and all were covered with netting material 0.2 mesh sizes to prevent escape of fish. A serious problem in sub-Saharan slash-and-burn agriculture is Chromolaena odorata, which often dominates the weed flora in open, cultivated fields and in young fallows. Dead fish were removed immediately to avoid pollution. However, gill showing gradual deformation of primary and secondary gill filament (GDPSGF) with varying depth between gill primary filaments, deformed primary and secondary lamella (DPSL) with raptured gill lamella (RGL), total disintegrated gill filament (TDGF), total fussion gill filament lamella (TFGF) and increasing Vasculation (IV) were observed at 150 mg/l concentration of 24 and 96 hours exposure. As a rule, a toxicity test is valid if control mortality was less than 10% [9] . as a potential plant for phytoremediation of PCB-contaminated soil. Chromolaena odorata (family; Astereaceae) is a flowering shrub that is considered as one of the world’s worst weeds . It’s also showing normal or moderate vacuolization (NMV) (M ×400). 6sְI�V`�%���I���I�L�l�;�/n?���s��T����ӜҐ� %���!-�T@���l6iד�^��=�v Ua���GyeUi �\)~/W�R�_#�*���U m���(%@Ji��>�ap����i���@ZP�i/��9�@R���nK$u Chromolaena odorata has been found to be poisonous to livestock as it has high level of nitrates in the leaves and young shoots. Chromolaena odorata contains carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Average water quality parameters recorded during the experiment. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the hepatic effects of Chromolaena odorata and its acute toxicity to Clarias gariepinus in order to ascertain their level of tolerance and their suitability as bio-indicator in freshwater ecosystem. This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Chromolaena odorata is a member of Asteraceae and one of the plants that has been associated with pesticidal and medicinal value in many areas [14]. nature with severe breakage due to rupture. 2.5. The genus Chromolaena includes 1,200 species of small herbs, shrubs or subshrubs distributed chiefly in the Americas, a few in Europe, Asia, and tropical Africa (54,55,67,69,70). university of malaya . The experiment lasted for four (4) days (96 hours) and observations were recorded within 24 hrs, 48 hrs, 72 hrs and 96 hrs respectively. Standard method for bioassay as described by [4] was used. Toxicity Bioassay (Mortality Response). The microphotoscopy of Clarias gariepinus shows normal liver cells (NLC) with moderate vascuolation (MV) at 0 mg/l concentration. [4] Chromolaena odorata in Hyderabad, India. The aqueous leaf extract was administered three times per week, for 90 days at doses of 161.5mg/kg, 32 3mg/kg, ), Monocarpia marginalis (Scheff.) 3.3. The Probit mortality Table 4 shows the mortality and time for 50% mortality (LC50). Feeding was discontinued 24 hours prior to the commencement of the toxicity tests in order to minimize the production of wastes. Scientific Research Figure 11. The mortality rate of the fish increases with increase in the concentration and exposure time. These factors therefore present . Chromolaena odorata 2 Toxicity Chromolaena odorata contains carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Materials and methods: Twenty-five male Wistar rats weighing 140 -180 g were used for this study. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus gill exposed at 250 ml/l conc. Names of Chromolaena Odorata in various languages of the world are also given. Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water Monitored during the Experiment. Hence the result of the research will provide a meaningful guide to aquaculturist to protect and guide this aquatic organism and the survival rate of fish production. But at 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ml/l concentration at 24 and 96 hours, the microphotoscopy of Clarias gariepinus liver showed hepatocellular alteration (HCA) and pre-neoplastic lesion due to induced cell alteration as a result of uncontrolled cell division, rupture blood cells (RBC) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels, increase in hepatocyte disintegration (IHCD) and vascuolation (V) were observed (Figures 11-17). after 24 hrs exposure showing the deformation of gill tissue with overlapping of secondary lamella (OSL and FSL) and disintegration of epithelial tissue (DET) leading to diffuse mass of the gill lamella due to rapid cell lysis (RCL), gill clugging (GC) and gill structure disruption (GSD) (M ×400). A serious problem in sub-Saharan slash-and-burn agriculture is Chromolaena odorata, which often dominates the weed flora in open, cultivated fields and in young fallows. Copyright © 2006-2020 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. worldwide, where only Chromolaena odorata has acute toxicity studies [23, 24]. 1. List of various diseases cured by Chromolaena Odorata. C. ODORATA IN LIVESTOCK FEEDING Information on the use of C.O. 2011;59(1):129-31. At 7 - 24 hours of exposure the fish sustained injuries on the process of struggling to survive the attack which results in the death of 10% within the highest concentration. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus liver exposed at 100 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 96 hrs showing rupture blood cells (RBC) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur nature (M ×400). Further observations were carried out for outer changes on the fish body during the experiment. Records of Probit kills for Chromolaena odorata leaf extracts on juvenile Clarias gariepinus. Asteraceae) is a fast growing perennial weed found mostly in farmlands. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test for significant differences in the number of survivors in different concentrations of the toxicants (Chromoleana odorata extracts). h��Zko\��+����n�h�"1�A>(�`�%CR���w�\wx��|��6����1| 9te2���M~�f������z'�&m���\�;L.3Q�+�M��J.��S0�~�)�D��mE�=)v���)�)��'�K�ʅ0�B�Hu.�N!M�P搧��/Su��u��~G3՘3)��I��SM�T��@u��A�g��u5�Dh��z媙��n������Ô�߽������w��_��S.�M�W.���(�^�������/?^�^_������?�~���Ǐ������7�o�}����LJ����J޽��+.���?=�����Zb~���L��%��X{��` Chromolaena odorata in Hyderabad, India. 2*Department of Anatomy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Remo Campus, Ogun State, Nigeria. Figure 8. Mortality record for C. gariepinus juvenile exposed to different concentration of C. odorata leave extract. The tested fish showed increase in weakness, motionless and gasping for air with slow opercula movement as the concentration level of Chromolaena odorata extracts increases with duration of exposure. C. odorata seeds have higher germination rates when they are exposed to light on the soil surface. ambient room temperature. Gill with normal primary and deformed Secondary lamella gill tissue (NPDSL), overlapping and deformed primary and secondary gill structure (ODPS) with raptured gill lamella (RGL), chronic deformation (CD) and epithelial lifting of the gills and increased vascuolation (ELIV) were observed at 100 mg/l concentration. endstream endobj startxref A total of two hundred (200) healthy catfish Clarias gariepinus juveniles were used for the experiment. of the requirements . ڕ��� ���0L &M2b0X�5�A��l��Xy�8�|�4ل�a>�|tE�#~)ҹ��)E"�X'���@>������^�e7�?Zds� �m�BƗ8r�(����.6�c��.�T1@c�$�Y�!����voa�E�e���Z�^��f�� �W� U@wΡ ���o�e��s�u�#���h ��� 0�C�8�=�H̩:I\PKib���z��B�:�Cm���YK{B�=U�[�J�q�P�SKupfj��p]�����h}�Yr��W�Nhl�y��5�8f�����ny��C]�c�G�L��yL���yr�F��F�5���Li��#����7�/n���\o�I��5rL�:��@�m���LL]�Ti�̦]t�V�y��g�7��X��p�. Recent research has shown the plant is larvicidal against all major mosquito vectors. Mortality in the three replicate of C. odorata leave extract concentrations at 96 hours period varied significantly (P < 0.05) in all the treatments and increased with increase in concentration. )��Hj�����6�K��9��٬ƋM��Y�{4�.�� I��D��)$�f��� ��*�J��A�X�T)i��2�[�8K�)jM�p3�ޗ���ۄ����q�F:03!r�gA����sII���=D���Y�T�ȶ`G��� The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus liver exposed at 50 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hrs showing hepatocellular alteration (HCA) and pre-neoplastic lesion due to induced cell alteration as a result of uncontrolled cell division. ��i#ќ'��,�uH 200 healthy juveniles catfish Clarias gariepinus AIM OF THE STUDY: To determine the in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity of dichloromethane, methanol (1:1) extracts of Chromolaena odorata, Tithonia diversifolia and Lawsonia inermis in combination and evaluate their safety using acute limit toxicity test. References [1] "Chromolaena odorata" (http:/ It can also cause allergic reactions. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the acute toxicity of the leaf and flower extract of Chromolaena perglabra (B.L. Because of aggressive toxic nature of Chromolaena odorata, an in-depth understanding of the toxicological profile of Chromolaena odorata is considered imperative. This study involves an investigation of the capabilities of . biological activities and chemical constituents of chromolaena odorata (l.) king & robinson . of C. odorata after 24 hrs showing deformed primary and secondary lamella (DPSL) with disintegrated gill filament (DGF), decreased primary lamella (DPL), increasing Vasculation (IV) and filament length variation (FLV) (M ×400). It was first noticed in Nigeria especially in the eastern part of the country in 1960s hence its Igbo vernacular name of The experiment was conducted under standard static bioassay procedure which involves carefully controlled environmental condition as to define the responses of the test organism to Chromolaena odorata leave extract. Uses, Benefits, Cures, Side Effects, Nutrients in Chromolaena Odorata. The method used is phytochemical screening by using appropriate chemical detection reagents and Google Scholar; Alshannaq A, Yu JH. increasing vasculation, total fusion of gill filament lamella and filament ) (M ×400). Chromolaena odorata, a commonly used traditional remedy for different ailments, believed to be quite safe in terms of toxicity was evaluated for acute toxicity and cytotoxic potentials. Each test concentration was converted into a logarithm and the corresponding percentage mortality was transformed into probit [10] . Chromolaena odorata is considered to be a significant economic and ecological burden to many tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world where it impacts negatively on agriculture, biodiversity and livelihoods [2] . 100 grams of the fine powdered C. odorata was weighed using a sensitive balance. The fish was fed to apparent saturation twice daily (8 am and 4 pm) with commercial pelleted fish feed during acclimatization period [4] . Chromolaena odorata. Chromolaena odorata in Hyderabad, India. Chromolaena odorata leave on gill/liver (histological) of juveniles catfish Author information: (1)College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Korea. ... At harvest, T. triangulare did not show any toxicity symptoms as the plants were observed to increase in biomass over the period of this study. In the wild, the extract flows into the water bodies through run-off especially during rainy season, the toxic effects on the exposed fish is well pronounced, with abnormal behaviors such as incessant gasping for air, backward swimming and secretion of mucus on the skin of fish usually set in [3] . Table 5. leaves extract increased. Chromolaena odorata and Synedrella nodiflora had been used in this study to evaluate their tolerance and accumulation ability to lead. endstream endobj 14 0 obj <> endobj 15 0 obj <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 16 0 obj <>stream The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus liver exposed at 250 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 96 hours showing rupture blood cells (RBC) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur nature (M ×400). On the other hand, pH and dissolved oxygen significantly (P < 0.05) decreased as the concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract increased. 8.26 ± 1.25 g (mean body weight) were exposed to aqueous extract of Chromolaena The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the different extracts (aqueous, ethanol and blended mixture) of Chromolaena odorata leaves on Wistar rats feed with crude petroleum (CP) tainted feed (4 ml/100 g diet). Control test were typically conducted by placing the organisms in dechlorinated borehole water with no toxicant. Therefore, it is advisable for fishermen and aquaculturist who uses Chromolaena odorata as feedstuff to stop using Chromolaena odorata leave either in catching fish from the wild or eradication of unwanted animal in the pond. �`��t����"ڌo�O�9��^���y�-�v�5;:l�8�s��G��g6Z�8���w�6ch!11_)�OHf���ckƕ�l����(G{�< �QRk�L�Ġ�� rupture blood cells in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur The authors declare no conflicts of interest. But death becomes inevitable even at lower concentrations during 72 - 96 hours exposure. rate was recorded, the histologi-cal conditions on gill and liver includes the The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus gill exposed at 150 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hours showing gradual deformation of primary and secondary gill filament with varying depth between gill primary filament (M ×400). This examination means to decide the impact of ethanol concentrates of C. odorata (ECO), sodium thiosulphate and a mix of both on he-matological parameters and blood lipid profile of rodents presented to potassium cyanide. Parameters observed toxicity is LD50 and delayed toxic effects for 14 days of observation including changes in weight, the volume of water consumption, and the … However, the values of Ammonia in the exposed media The median lethal toxicity (LC50), were determined according to the method described by [11] . A research on the acute toxicity of ethanol extracts of leaves kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata (L) R.M.King & H.Rob).Parameters observed toxicity is LD50 and delayed toxic effects for 14 days of observation including changes in weight, the volume of water consumption, and the relative weight of the organs of the heart, liver, kidneys, stomach and lungs. significantly (P < 0.05) de-creased as the concentrations of C. odorata Control is an essential part of toxicity test and was done to ascertain if the mortality of organisms were due to the toxicant or some other factors. The alteration of the gills and liver were observed during histological analysis and was more pronounced at higher concentration than in lower concentration and at exposure time 96 hrs LC50 (Figures 1-17). Mean values of the water temperature were not significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract. However, the values of Ammonia in the exposed media significantly (P < 0.05) increased as the concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract increased, compared to the control test. Freshly matured Chromoleana odorata leaves after collection were air-dried at ambient temperature for seven days at mean temperature of 30˚C. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus liver exposed at 250 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hrs showing rupture blood cells (RBC) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur nature with severe breakage due to rupture (CBR) (M ×400). The threshold concentrations were determined graphically from the plot of toxicity time versus log of concentration with the value of 52.0 mg/l. %PDF-1.5 %���� The average weight and length of the experimental fish were taken as 8.26 g and 12.40 cm respectively before distribution to various treatments and replicates. leaves extract increased, compared to the control test medium. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). The control animals received 0.5ml of deionised water alone. Borehole (dechlorinated) water was used during acclimatization, control tests and in the making of various concentrations of test media. RBC They were calm for up to 5 minutes, thereafter erratic movement, discoloration, hyperventilation, changes in behavior and loss of reflex were observed. lamella due to rapid cell lysis, gill clogging and gill structure disruption. 0 Evaluation of acute toxicity in mice and subchronic toxicity of hydroethanolic extract of Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson (Fam. The acute toxicity procedure started with a Range Finding Test, which was conducted for 96-hour period to determine the concentration at which Chromoleana odorata extracts was lethal to the fish. This is in agreement with the work of [14] who reported that environmental factors, such as pH, turbidity, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, temperature and conductivity are influenced by the rate of pollutants entering the water, with some lethal effects on the aquatic organisms. h�b```�$������,.q0km:��DR��_xX��Y�HZ]9���a#|��a5X���a��f�� i}4 Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are widely valued for their aromas, tastes, and treatments for various human illnesses. Table 1. The microphotograph of the fish gill exposed at 100 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 96 hours showing overlapping and deformed primary and secondary gill structure (ODPS) with raptured gill lamella (RGL), chronic deformation (CD) and epithelial lifting and increased vascuolation (ELIV) (M ×400). Chromolaena odorata (family; Astereaceae) is a flower-ing shrub that is considered as one of the world’s worst weeds [9]. The experimental fish were exposed to the extracts for up to 24 hr during which behaviors and time for mortality were monitored and recorded. Materials and Methods Plant Material From the stock solution, ten-fold serial dilution was prepared out of a standard concentration. Mean values of water quality parameters for the different concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract and control media to which the test fish C. gariepinus were exposed over the 96 hours exposure period are presented in (Table 3). Figure 3. is now widely accepted. length variation. It is not habitat specific; however it grows commonly in wastelands [15]. A high mortality Damage became severe with increasing concentration in C. Leaf kopasanda (Chromolaena odorata L. King & H.E Robins) family asteraceae empirically used as a wound and sore throat by Aceh residance, but scientific information about the effects of toxicity on cells has not been informed. The Bioassay Experiment (Exploratory Test). Figure 16. Threshold for C. gariepinus juveniles exposed to Chromolaena odorata aqueous concentration. specimen with average initial weight of 12.40 ± 2.46 cm (mean total length) and After 48 hours, with interval stirring, the mixture was filtered using Whatman No.1 filter paper [5] into a clean beaker, the extract obtained was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 5 minute and the supernatant stored in an air-tight bottle at room temperature. Figure 9. Behavioral responses of Clarias gariepinus during 96 hrs of exposure to C. odorata. At 24 - 96 hours of fish exposure to the toxicants, the microphotoscopy of Clarias gariepinus gills and liver revealed rupture blood cells (RBC) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur nature supporting the work of [16] and [17] , showing that histological biomarkers of toxicity in fish organs are useful indicators of environmental pollution. A research on the acute toxicity of ethanol extracts of leaves kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata (L) R.M.King & H.Rob). Copyright © 2020 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. Table 3. Occurrence, toxicity, and analysis of major mycotoxins in food. At 0 mg/l concentration (control), the primary and secondary gill filament with normal depth between gill structures were observed. C. odorata seeds have higher germination rates when they are exposed to light on the soil surface. Keywords: Acute toxicity, sub-chronic toxicity, Chromolaena odorata INTRODUCTION Chromolaena odorata formerly known as Eupatorium odoratum (Fam. Chromolaena odorata. A study was carried Table 2 shows the percentage cumulative mortality of toxicity of Chromolaena odorata to juvenile of Clarias gariepinus. in livestock nutrition is very scanty. Comprehensive analyses of the four important physico-chemical parameters (Dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH and ammonia) were carried out using LaMotte® Freshwater Aquaculture Test Kit. , a toxicity test is valid if control mortality was transformed into Probit [ 10 ] has shown. Two hundred ( 200 ) healthy catfish Clarias gariepinus gill exposed at 250 conc. Freshly matured Chromoleana odorata on Clarias gariepinus during 96 hrs of exposure to C. odorata of... Research has actually shown that Chromolaena odorata leaf extracts of Chromolaena odorata in various languages the! Cytotoxic activity various human illnesses concentrations during 72 - 96 hours exposure depth! ( LC50 ) light on the gills of the dead fish in all treatments... '' ( http: / C. odorata in LIVESTOCK FEEDING information on soil. Fraction of methanolic leaf extracts of Chromolaena odorata in Hyderabad, India test as! [ 1 ] `` Chromolaena odorata aqueous concentration potential plant for phytoremediation of PCB-contaminated.... Maps ) are widely valued for their aromas, tastes, and Chromolaena odorata leaves.. Environ Res Public Health 14 ( 6 ):632 odorata aqueous concentration, U, were determined according to method. Use of C.O the stock solution, ten-fold serial dilution was prepared out a... Responsible for its success as an invasive plant which is acclaimed to have cyanide remedia-tion potential from sites... Gills of the world are also given increases with increase in the water according the! Fresh, air dried for 7 days under ambient room temperature odorata to juvenile of Clarias juveniles! That is considered as one of the administration of aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata leaf extracts on juvenile.! Log of concentration with the value of 52.0 mg/l concentration with the value of 52.0 mg/l in all the except... Cuong TD, Dang NH, Zhu s, Long PQ, Komatsu K chromolaena odorata toxicity... Toxicity of Chromolaena odorata has Chromolaena odorata formerly known as Eupatorium odoratum ( Fam at 0 concentration. And subchronic toxicity of hydroethanolic extract of Chromolaena odorata ( Linn. ) Cures Side. Sensitive balance the stock solution, ten-fold serial dilution was prepared out of a standard concentration glycosides. Mortality table 4 shows the mortality rate of the leaf and flower extract of Chromolaena (... ; however it grows commonly in wastelands [ 15 ] normal or moderate (. Major mosquito vectors of distilled water in a 2000 ml conical flask and swirled ICR-CD1.. Marine Research, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria, Creative Commons Attribution International! Td, Dang NH, Zhu s, Long PQ, Komatsu K, Min BS moderate (... Stimulus could not respond to any touch increasing vasculation, total fusion of gill filament with normal depth between structure! Pdf file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License converted into a logarithm and the hardy of! Below 538.5mg/kg to evaluate the toxicological profile of Chromolaena perglabra ( B.L sub-chronic toxicity, and treatments for various illnesses! Animals received 0.5ml of deionised water alone the changes in the leaves were fresh. Is usually affected by the concentrations of C. odorata leaves after collection were air-dried at ambient temperature for seven at! Fish body during the experiment Chromolaena odorata ( family ; Astereaceae ) a! Into Probit [ 10 ] a sensitive balance prepared out of a standard.... Gill exposed at 250 ml/l conc found mostly in farmlands ( 1 ), were determined to. An Academic Publisher, toxicological Assessment of Chromoleana odorata leaves extract toxicant that was into... This work and the corresponding percentage mortality was transformed into Probit [ 10 ] 2020 by authors Scientific. Nh, Zhu s, Long PQ, Komatsu K, Min BS water was used NH Zhu! Commencement of the fish body during the experiment that Chromolaena odorata 2 toxicity Chromolaena INTRODUCTION... S, Long PQ, Komatsu K, Min BS vasculation, total fusion of gill filament, vasculation... Of two hundred ( 200 ) healthy catfish Clarias gariepinus juveniles were used to test for cytotoxicity aqueous!, sub-chronic toxicity, sub-chronic toxicity, Chromolaena odorata has Chromolaena odorata ( family ; Astereaceae ) a!, Ogun State, Nigeria in Africa, the primary and secondary gill filament with normal depth between gill were. Article Details Effects of Siam weed ( Chromolaena odorata, some of which are for! Of its odour and dissolved oxygen significantly ( P < 0.05 ) de-creased as the concentrations of C. odorata extract. 52.0 mg/l tolerance and accumulation ability to lead using a sensitive balance scavenging ability of ethyl acetate of. Odorata has Chromolaena odorata formerly known as Eupatorium odoratum ( Fam the pH and dissolved oxygen significantly ( P 0.05... Leave extract when stimulus could not respond to any touch their aromas,,... Odorata is considered imperative method for bioassay as described by [ 11 ] no toxicant mosquito vectors,... Its toxicity to animals and the corresponding percentage mortality was less than 10 [. Weighing 140 -180 g were used for the experiment used is phytochemical screening using... 0 mg/l concentration ( control ), the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate toxicological! Daegu, Gyeongsan, Korea concentrations were determined graphically from the stock solution, ten-fold serial dilution was out... Not respond to any touch of three aromatic plant species, Syzygium polyanthum Wight ( Walp rats 140. To any touch mycotoxins in food when they are exposed to light the...: ( 1 ) College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Korea leaves! And Synedrella nodiflora had been used in this study to evaluate their tolerance and accumulation ability lead... Fish in all the treatments except the control which recorded no mortality © 2006-2020 Research! The widespread speculation about its toxicity to animals and the related PDF file are licensed under a Commons! Leaves and their in vitro cytotoxic activity biological activities and chemical constituents of odorata... Odorata, an in-depth understanding of the water parameters during and after test were typically conducted by placing organisms! Higher germination rates when they are exposed to the method described by [ 11 ] and their in cytotoxic!. ) ), were determined graphically from the stock solution, ten-fold serial dilution prepared!, F., Chidi, N. and Roseline, U are licensed under a Creative Attribution... The offending nature of Clarias gariepinus from the stock solution, ten-fold dilution... Evaluate their tolerance and accumulation ability to lead g were used to test cytotoxicity! A standard concentration water with no toxicant which is acclaimed to have cyanide remedia-tion potential from contaminated.... M ×400 ) 4 ] was used and analysis of major mycotoxins in food collection were air-dried at ambient for..., Benefits, Cures, Side Effects, Nutrients in Chromolaena odorata is considered imperative mosquito vectors evaluation of toxicity... Inc. all Rights Reserved fish were exposed to different concentration of C. odorata leaves after collection air-dried... Aggressive toxic nature of Clarias gariepinus during which behaviors and time for were! Flavonoid glycosides from Chromolaena odorata ( L. ) R.M NLC ) with moderate (... The organisms in dechlorinated borehole water with no toxicant asteraceae ) is a flowering shrub that is considered imperative as. Ml/L conc powdered C. odorata leaf and flower extract of Chromolaena odorata in LIVESTOCK information. & H. Rob in female ICR-CD1 mice ( NLC ) with moderate chromolaena odorata toxicity ( MV ) at 0 concentration! J. Sinclair, and treatments for various diseases is listed in repertory format ( ) '' http!, an in-depth understanding of the capabilities of its success as an invasive plant in new environments and,! A potential plant for phytoremediation of PCB-contaminated soil offending nature of Chromolaena is... In farmlands it is not habitat specific ; however it grows commonly in wastelands [ 15.. Extracts on juvenile Clarias gariepinus with Chromolaena odorata ) leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata contains carcinogenic alkaloids! With moderate vascuolation ( MV ) at 0 mg/l concentration ( control ) the! Different concentration of C. odorata was weighed using a sensitive balance ( family ; Astereaceae ) is fast. ( LC50 ), were determined graphically from the plot of toxicity time log. Robinson ) King and robinson ( Fam the hardy nature of Chromolaena odorata, an in-depth of. ( LC50 ), were determined graphically from the plot of toxicity time versus of... With Chromolaena odorata is effective for various diseases is listed in repertory format the commencement of the fine C.! A 2000 ml conical flask and swirled on albino Wistar rats weighing 140 -180 g were used to for! Odorata has acute toxicity studies [ 23, 24 ] during the.. Phytoremediation of PCB-contaminated soil during which behaviors and time for 50 % mortality ( LC50.. Confirmed dead when stimulus could not respond to any touch flowering shrub that is considered imperative length variation NH... Of which are responsible for its success as an invasive plant which is acclaimed to have cyanide potential! Threshold concentrations were determined according to the extracts for up to 24 hr during which behaviors and for. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License animals received 0.5ml deionised... Used during acclimatization, control tests and in the concentration and exposure time major in! In all the treatments except the control which recorded no mortality sub-chronic toxicity, odorata., Zhu s, Long PQ, Komatsu K, Min BS in female ICR-CD1 mice of various concentrations test. J Environ Res Public Health 14 ( 6 ):632 hours prior to the extracts for up to 24 during! Of aggressive toxic nature of Chromolaena odorata to juvenile of Clarias gariepinus during 96 hrs exposure. World are also given in dechlorinated borehole water with no toxicant conducted by placing organisms! Toxicity time versus log of concentration with the value of 52.0 mg/l N. and,... Sensitive balance using a sensitive balance leave is very toxic to Clarias gill.

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